In “Dollars and Dreams: West Africans in New York” shows a form of voluntary migration because Africans were attractive by the fancy look of the United States, so Africans came to United States for their American dreams, such as to get better job or have better living environment. After African immigrants got to the United States, the reality is different from what they thought because United States’ poverty is way more serious. Therefore, African immigrants have to work very hard in order to survival. Sometime, they have to work more than two jobs, so they could survival in this country that has a very big problem with poverty. Overall, it shows African immigrations are labor migrants. In another work, “In Search of Cool Ground,” the author
