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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Vit?
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micronutrients
contain carbon, make them organic help regulate body processes but DON'T give us energy water and fat soluble |
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Fat soluble
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Stored in andipose tissue
digested in small intestine with other fat Found in fat containing foods Include vitamins A, D, E, and K Can be stored, don't need to be consumed every day |
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Vit A
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3 active forms
Get it from animal products. This does not include beta-carotene. Or supplements. |
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Functions of vit A
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• Essential to proper vision
o cell differentiation: the process by which cells mature and specialize o epithelial cells o development of T lymphocytes of the immune system, important for normal immune function o sperm production and fertilization o bone growth |
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Deficiency of Vit A
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• Keratinization of skin
o Bumps on skin, rough looking • Xerosis and xerophthalmia o Mucus cells; don’t have adequate mucus production interferes with immune system as well as cleansing different membranes/surfaces. Tearducts in eyes, dries out cornea and can cause blindness (xerophthalmia) • Infections • Weak bones, poor teeth • Very dangerous at high levels of active form • Deficiency: 0-500: night blindness, impaired immunity, reproductive problems, death • Toxic: 10000 and over: death, liver failure, fractures, birth defects, bone abnormalities, hemorrhages, hair loss, skin rash • Normal: 500-10000 |
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What is Beta Carotene
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• In the class of chemicals called carotenoids
• A provitamin: can be converted into active vit • Provitamins are inactive precursors that must be converted to active forms in the body. • BC is the precursor of retinol. • Vit A is readily created in the body by conversion of its precursor form, BC • You can’t OD on BC, although it will turn you yellow. • Populations with adequate BC intake have lower rates of macular degeneration. |
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Vit A role in eye
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• Cornea: Moistening in cells
• Retina: night blindness, molecule of retinol from light to dark • Macula; BC/provitamin will reduce macular degeneration. Like wrinkles. |
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Sources of vit A
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Animal sources: liver, pork
Plant sources: green leafy veg, carrots (BC is converted to vit A) |
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Vit D
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• Can be synthesized by the body with exposure to UV light from the sun
• Is a hormone since it is synthesized in one location and acts in another location Is a sterol |
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Functions of vit D
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• Required for calc and phosphorus absorption
• Regulates blood calcium levels o Promotes increase absorption from small intestine o Promotes resorption from bone o Promotes retention in kidneys • Necessary for bone calcification |
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3 tissues calcium impacts**
vit D |
• Kidneys
• Bones • Intestines |
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Vit D process
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Vit D → Liver (makes active vit D) → Kidney → Small intestine increase absorption
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Recommended intake for vit D
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none
AI is 5-15ug/day |
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Too much vit D?
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• Results in high blood calcium levels
o Crystal formations in joint, soft tissue in heart |
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Too little vit D?
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Rickets-bowing of legs
Osteomalacia (soft bones) |
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Vit K
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• Fat-soluble vit stored in the liver
• Main job: required for blood coagulation/blood clotting (KNOW THIS FOR EXAM) • A coenzyme- a compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to activate the enzyme |
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Recommended intake for vit K
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• There is no RDA for vit K
• AI values are 120 ug/day for men • AI values are 90 ug/day for women |
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Too much vit K?
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no known problems
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Too little vit K?
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• Reduced blood clotting, excessive bleeding
• Can occur with diseases that disturb absorption of the fat in the small intestine What if you take blood thinners? • Need to know dietary intake of vit K • Test how long it takes for blood to clot • Give dosage of medication to clot bloods |
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Antioxidants
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• Chemicals that protect cells against damage from oxidation, including
o Vitamin E o Vitamin C o BC o selenium • oxygen can cause damage |
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Formation of Free Radicals
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• many metabolic processes involve oxidation reactions that can produce harmful free radicals:
o highly unstable atoms • produced by oxidation reactions in cells • also produced by pollution, UV light, and toxic substances |
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Free Radicals cause damage to:
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• Cell membrane
• LDL= low-density lipoproteins • Cell PRO • Genetic material (DNA) Antioxidants work to stabilize FR. |
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Vit E
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• A fat-soluble vit stored in fat tissue and cell membranes
• Protects against FR damage • Protects LDLs, red blood cells, and cells lining the lungs • antioxidant |
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Recommended intake of vit E
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• 15mg per day
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Too much or too little vit E?
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Too much, o increased risk of mortality
• antioxidant needed in balance o decreased blood clotting too little: can result in ruptured blood cells |
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Formation of Free Radicals
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• many metabolic processes involve oxidation reactions that can produce harmful free radicals:
o highly unstable atoms • produced by oxidation reactions in cells • also produced by pollution, UV light, and toxic substances |
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Free Radicals cause damage to:
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• Cell membrane
• LDL= low-density lipoproteins • Cell PRO • Genetic material (DNA) Antioxidants work to stabilize FR. |
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Vit E
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• A fat-soluble vit stored in fat tissue and cell membranes
• Protects against FR damage • Protects LDLs, red blood cells, and cells lining the lungs • antioxidant |
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Recommended intake of vit E
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• 15mg per day
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Too much or too little vit E?
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Too much, o increased risk of mortality
• antioxidant needed in balance o decreased blood clotting too little: can result in ruptured blood cells |
