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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are prescription, or legend drugs?
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Drugs requiring a prescription through a licensed practitioner.
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How are prescription drugs different from OTC medications?
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OTC drugs can be sold directly to clients but must bear extensive labeling with warnings and instructions for proper use.
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Veterinary drugs will contain what statement on the drug packaging label?
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“Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription.”
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What are the AVMA guidelines described in your textbook regarding the use and distribution of veterinary drugs?
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A prescription drug can only be dispensed by order of licensed vet within the course of his/her professional practice where a valid VCPR exists; all drugs must be properly labeled when dispensed.
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What is a veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR) and how is it established?
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A veterinarian-client-patient relationship is established when the vet assumes responsibility for making clinical judgment and the client has agreed to follow those recommendation; vet has sufficient knowledge of animal to initiate at least a general of preliminary diagnosis; vet is readily available to follow up or has arranged emergency coverage.
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What are the labeling requirements for prescription medications that are dispensed by the hospital?
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Name, address and phone number of clinic; name of client, animal identification, species of animal, date, prescribing veterinarian, name of medication, quantity of medication dispensed, adequate directions for proper administration of medication, number of authorized refills, prescription transaction number (optional)
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What is the Federal Poison Prevention Act?
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Requires pharmacists and physicians to dispense medications intended for oral human use in childproof containers.
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How does the Federal Poison Prevention Act apply to dispensing medications from the hospital pharmacy?
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AVMA recommends prescription drugs to companion animal owners be placed in child-resistant containers.
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True or False. The technician should not issue or refill medications without the approval of the veterinarian.
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True.
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What is a controlled substance?
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Defines certain legal and illegal acts regarding substances of high abuse potential.
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How are controlled substances identified?
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Controlled substances are classified into 5 classes (schedules) according to their use or abuse potential.
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How are controlled substances classed?
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According to their use or abuse potential.
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List and describe the 5 different classifications of controlled substances.
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I – high abuse potential for research only II – high abuse potential, written script, no refills, III – Abuse potential less than I and II, oral or written refills up to 5 times in 6 months; IV – low abuse potential, oral or written script up to 5 times in 6 months, V – low abuse potential, no DEA limits
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True or False. All veterinarians using controlled drugs during their practice are required to have a DEA licensing number.
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True.
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What records must be kept for each controlled substance located in the hospital?
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A controlled substance record.
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Controlled substances must be kept in what type of cabinet?
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One that is securely locked and is substantially constructed – generally interpreted as a double locked container that cannot be picked up or moved.
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Why are expiration dates on medications important?
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The consumer and prescriber can be confident the potency of the drug remains unaffected during the time of use. Guarantees that if drug is stored properly no toxic by-products accumulate prior to completion of the drug program
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What factors could affect the effectiveness of a drug?
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Storage – temperature extremes/humidity, light sensitivity.
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True or False. It is acceptable to reuse empty drug containers or bottles for other substances.
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False
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%
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Percent
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®
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Registered trade name when superscript by a drug name
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ac
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Before meals (ante cibum)
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ACE
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme
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ACTH
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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AD
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right ear
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ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone
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ad lib
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As much as desired (ad libitum)
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AL
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Left ear (auris laeva)
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A.M.
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morning
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AMA
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Against medical advise
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A.U.
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Each ear (aures unitas)
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bol.
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Large pill, bolus
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BSA
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Body surface area
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Bute
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Phenylbutazone
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Ca
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Calcium
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cal
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calorie
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cap
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capsule
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cc
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Cubic centimeter (same as ml)
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cm
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centimeter
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conc
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Concentration
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D5W or D5W
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5% Dextrose in water
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DDx
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Differential diagnosis
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DES
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Diethylstilbestrol
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DMSO
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Dimethyl sulfoxide
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D/S or D-S
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Dextrose in saline
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dr
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Dram; equal to 1/8 oz or 4 ml
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ED
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Effective dose
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ED50
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Median effective dose
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e.o.d.
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Every other day
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g or gm
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Gram
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gal
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gallon
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GI
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Gastrointestinal
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gr
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Grain; unit of weight approximately 65 mg
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gt
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Drop (gutta)
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gtt
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Drops (gutta)
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hr
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hour
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IA
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Intra-arterial
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AC
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Intracardiac
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ID
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Intradermal
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IM
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Intramuscular
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IP
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Intraperitoneal
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IT
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Intratracheal
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IU
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International units
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IV
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Intravenous
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K
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Potassium
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LA
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Long-acting
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LD
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Lethal dose
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LD50
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Median lethal dose
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LRS
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Lactated Ringer’s solution
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mcg or μg
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microgram
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mED
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Minimal effective dose
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mEq
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Milliequivalent
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MIC
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Minimum inhibitory concentration
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MID
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Minimum infective dose
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ml or mL
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Milliliter (same as cc)
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MLD
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minimum lethal dose
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Na
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sodium
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non repetat.
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Do not repeat (non repatatur)
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npo, NPO
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Nothing by mouth (non per os)
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NS
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Normal saline
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O.D.
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Right eye (oculus dexter)
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O.S.
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Left eye (oculus sinister)
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O.U.
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Both eyes (oculi unitas)
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p
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After
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pc
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After meals (post cibum)
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PDR
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Physician’s Desk Reference
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pH
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Hydrogen ion concentration (acidity and alkalinity measurement)
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Phos
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Phosphorus
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po or PO
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Orally, by mouth (per os)
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ppm
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Parts per million
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PR
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Per rectum
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prn
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As needed (pro re nata)
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pt
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pint
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PTA
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Prior to administration
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q
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every
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qd
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every day
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qh
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every hour
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qid
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Four times daily (quarter in die)
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qn
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every night
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qod or eod
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every other day
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qp
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As much as desired
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sid
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once daily
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sig
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Let it be written as (used when writing prescriptions)
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SOB
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Shortness of breath
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sol’n or soln
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solution
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SQ, SC, subQ, or subc
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subcutaneous
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SR
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sustained release
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STAT
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Immediately (statim)
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tab
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tablet
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tid
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Three times daily (ter in die)
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TR
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trace
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U
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unit
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UG
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urogenital
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μl
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microliter
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Drug
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Any chemical agent that affects living processes.
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Pharmacology
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The study of drugs.
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Pharcodynamics
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Physical and chemical properties of drugs and effects and actions of drugs on living organisms.
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Pharmacokinetics
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Characteristic ability of living organisms to absorb, distribute, metabolize, and excrete drugs.
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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Therapeutic uses of drugs.
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Toxicity
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Biological poisoning.
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Half-life
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Time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%.
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Steady-state serum concentration
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Values that recur with each dose and represent a state of equilibrium between amount of drug administered and the amount being eliminated in a given time interval.
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Therapeutic index
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Ratio between toxic dose and therapeutic dose of a drug used as a measure of the relative safety of the drug for a particular treatment.
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LD50
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Lethal dose of drug that kills 50% of the animals tested.
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ED50
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Minimum dose of drug required to cause the desired effect in 50% of the test subjects.
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Target tissue
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The site of action where the drug exerts an effect.
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Receptor
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The place at which a drug interacts with cellular components to exert its effect.
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How does the efficacy of a drug related to the therapeutic index?
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Drugs with small therapeutic indexes need to be closely monitored as a small change in dose can be toxic, less than typical therapeutic dose can be therapeutic in small animals, and the dose adjusted as necessary to ensure uniform and safe results.
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List and briefly describe the 4 pharmacokinetic factors affecting drug action.
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Absorption – the uptake of substances into or across tissues. Distribution – the dispersion of the drug that is systemically available from the intravascular space and extravascular fluid and tissue to the target receptor sites. Metabolism – the ability of a living organism to modify the chemical structure of drugs so that they are no longer active. Excretion – Elimination of drugs or their metabolites from the body.
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List at least 5 factors that can affect drug absorption.
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Stomach contents, lipid solubility, acidity of the drug, route of drug (oral, topical, subcutaneously, etc.), hydration
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Describe how absorption of a medication can be affected by the GI tract when the medication is administered orally.
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It must be lipid soluble to be absorbed in the GI tract, weak acids or unionized drugs are easily absorbed in the stomach.
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How can stomach contents affect the rate of absorption?
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Contents may inactivate or trap certain drugs. The volume may delay absorption, thus delaying action. In ruminants there is slow absorption from dilution and with effects of microorganisms on certain susceptible agents.
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How can rate of absorption be affected by route of administration?
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Topical and intravenous drugs get to the target tissue quickly where intramuscular/subcutaneous less so and orally even less so.
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What is drug distribution?
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The dispersion of the drug that is systemically available from the intravascular space and the extravascular fluids and tissues to the target receptor sites.
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Drugs may accumulate in what types of compartments or tissues?
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Fat, muscle and liver.
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True or flase. The AVMA recommends that prescription drugs dispensed to companion animal owners be dispensed in child-resistant containers.
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True.
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True or false. A technician may administer a medication on the verbal or written order of a licensed veterinarian.
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True.
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The ability of living organisms to absorb, distribute, metabolize, and eliminate a drug is know as:
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Pharmacokinetics
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The place where a drug interacts binds with the cell and begins to exert its effect is the:
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Receptor
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Define biotransformation.
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The ability of a living organism to modify the chemical structure of drugs so that they are no longer active (inactive metabolites).
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Which organ is the principle organ used for biotransformation?
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Liver.
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What other organs may be used for biotransformation?
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Other organs besides the liver include, kidneys, brain, lungs, small intestine.
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Which organ is primarily responsible for excretion of drugs from the body?
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kidneys
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How/why will the pH of the urine influence the excretion of drugs?
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Weakly acid drugs will be more readily excreted while weakly basic drugs will be reabsorbed from the urine.
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What substance could be used to produce acidic urine?
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ammonium chloride
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What substance could be used to produce basic urine?
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sodium bicarbonate
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What levels, in the blood, could be measured to determine the extent of renal damage?
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Creatinine levels.
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What class of drugs may directly damage the kidney causing nephrotoxicity?
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Aminoglycosides
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