Vett 213 Pharmacology 3 Exam 1

Front 1

Define Agonist

Back 1

A drug that has an affinity for a receptor and stimulates the receptor to action.

Front 2

Define contraindication

Back 2

A reason not to use a drug in a prticular situation.

Front 3

Define efficacy

Back 3

The degree to which a drug produces its desired effects in a patient.

Front 4

Define over-the-counter-drug

Back 4

A drug that may be purchased and used without a prescription from a veterinarian.

Front 5

Define prescription drug

Back 5

A drug that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Front 6

Define receptor

Back 6

A group of specialized molescules on or in a cell tha bind with a drug to produce an effect.

Front 7

Define therapuetic index

Back 7

It expresses teh realtionship between a drug's therapuetic and harmful effects.

Front 8

Define withdrawal time

Back 8

The amount of time that must elapse between the end of a drug therapy and the elimination of that drug from the patient's tissues or products.

Front 9

Define veterinarian-client-patient relationship

Back 9

The relationship that must exist between the veterinarian, his/her patient and the patient's owner before presription drugs may be dispenced.

Front 10

List 4 sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine

Back 10

Animal products, plant materials, minerals and synthetic products.

Front 11

What are 4 componets of a drug regime?

Back 11

The dose, the route of administration, the frequency of medication, and the duration of administration.

Front 12

What conditions must be met for a vaild veterinarian-client-patient relationship to exist?

Back 12

1) the veterinarian must assume responsibility for making clinical judegements in relation to the health of the animal, 2) the veterinarian must have recently seen the animal and be acquainted with its care,and 3) the veterinarian must be available for follow up care with the animal.

Front 13

Discuss the responsibilities of the tech in administration of drug orders.

Back 13

Tech's responsibility to carry out the vet's orders correctly. Should read the drug label 3 times to ensure proper dose is being administered, administer it via the correct route, be aware of the effects and potential adverse effects to be able to monitor patient. In large animals be aware of withdrawal times andpotential resideu problems.

Front 14

Describe the sequence of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion.

Back 14

Drug is absorbed or placed in bloodstream where it may bind with plasma protein or in a free state. Distributed to capillary level, enter interstitial fluid. Fluid bathes cell, allows drug to enter cell or bind with surface receptor. Drug exits cell or surface, moves back to fluid, reenters circulation, tranported to liver, metabolized and then excreted by kidneys.

Front 15

Discuss pros and cons of drug route oral.

Back 15

simple route of administration, many factors influence absorption and may not be best route if vomiting.

Front 16

Discuss pros and cons of drug route Subcutaneous

Back 16

Usually a simple procedure, absorption from subcutaneous site may be slow, and hypertonic solutions should not be given by this route.

Front 17

Discuss pros and cons of drug route Intramuscular

Back 17

Faster absorption than subcutaneous,care must be taken with many drugs not to inject into blood vessels

Front 18

Discuss pros and cons of drug route IV

Back 18

immediate access to bloodstream and the dilution of irritating drugs. Toxic or allergic reaction can be a side effect.

Front 19

Discuss pros and cons of drug route intraperitoneal

Back 19

used to administer fluids and some other solutions when other routes not available,Absoprtion is slow.

Front 20

Discuss pros and cons of drug route intraarterial

Back 20

seldom used as it may produce seizures or death

Front 21

Discuss pros and cons of drug route intracardiac

Back 21

used primarily for administering emergency drugs or for euthanasia.

Front 22

Discuss pros and cons of drug route intramedullary

Back 22

Used to administer fluids or blood to small animals or those with damaged veins.

Front 23

Discuss pros and cons of drug route inhalation

Back 23

Used to administer special drugs to the respiratory system. Special equipment may be required.

Front 24

Discuss pros and cons of drug route topical

Back 24

Used to place drugs on skin or mucous membranes.somtimes facilitated by use of carrier substances.

Front 25

Discuss pros and cons of drug route intradermal

Back 25

primarily used for allergy tesing and testing for tuberculosis.

Front 26

List facotrs that influence drug absorption.

Back 26

1) the method of absorption, 2)drug pH and its ionization status, 3)absorptive surface area, 4) blood supply to the area, 5) solubility of the drug, 6) dosage form, 7) status of GI tract, 8) interactions with other drugs

Front 27

Most biotransformation of drugs occurs in what organ?

Back 27

liver

Front 28

Most drug excretion occurs via what organ?

Back 28

kidneys

Front 29

Drugs usually produve their effects by combining with specific cellular ________

Back 29

receptors

Front 30

The drug name chosen by the manufacturer and that is the exclusive property of that comany is called ________

Back 30

proprietary/trade

Front 31

What are the 6 items that must be included on a drug label?

Back 31

Drug names (generic and trade, drug concentration and quantity, name and address of the manufacturer, controlled substance status, manufacturer's contorl or lot number, drug's expiration date.

Front 32

What are 3 government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products?

Back 32

FDA, EPA, USDA

Front 33

Why do many vet clinics dispence rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use?

Back 33

Clinics dispence rather than prescribe drugs because of the profit earned from selling the product.

Front 34

Describe the marketing of animal health products.

Back 34

Veterinary pharmaceuticals may be purchased directly from the manufactuer, from generic mail order companies and sometimes may be sold under one label to graduate vets and under another label as an OTC product.

Front 35

All FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication called _______

Back 35

The Green Book

Front 36

What is the purpose of FARAD?

Back 36

To provide resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals.

Front 37

Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of Congress?

Back 37

AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act)

Front 38

Define compounding.

Back 38

The diluting or combining of existing drugs.

Front 39

What are the potential dangers of residues in animal products?

Back 39

May cause allergic reactions or neoplasia in people, and may cause development of antibiotic-resistanct strains of bacteria.

Front 40

List 3 classes of drug interactions.

Back 40

Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinectic, and pharmaceutic

Front 41

Drug interaction can be anticipated when 2 drugs are given that are both metabolized by the _______

Back 41

liver

Front 42

Define "ethical product".

Back 42

One that is sold only through vets as a policy of the manufacturer rather than bby FDA requirement.

Front 43

Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a _____

Back 43

metabolite.

Front 44

An(a) ________ is a reason to use a drug.

Back 44

indication.

Front 45

The diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except ____
a) practical experience
b) assessmetn of the patient
c) obtaining a history
d) performing laboratory tests

Back 45

practical experience

Front 46

Extralabel use means _____

Back 46

using a drug in a way not specified by the label

Front 47

______ is the complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered to a patient.

Back 47

pharmacokinteics

Front 48

Parenteral drugs are administered _____

Back 48

by injection

Front 49

_____ is the body's ability to change a drug chemcially from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body.

Back 49

metabolism (biotransformation)

Front 50

The ____ of a drug represents the degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient.

Back 50

efficacy

Front 51

True or false. An adverse drug interaction is always life-threatening.

Back 51

false

Front 52

Name 4 common drug preparations.

Back 52

For oral, parenteral, inhalation or topical administration.

Front 53

Boluses are used in the treatment of _________ animals and are administered with a __________.

Back 53

large animals; balling gun

Front 54

Name 2 types of parenteral injections forms

Back 54

injections; implants

Front 55

Vials may either be _____ dose or _______dose.

Back 55

Single; multi-

Front 56

All used needles should be discarded in a ______

Back 56

sharps container.

Front 57

Name the 5 rights of medications.

Back 57

1. Right patient
2. Right drug
3. Right dose
4. RIght Route.
5. RIgh time and frequency.

Front 58

Oral drugs should never be adminsitered in animals that are ______

Back 58

vomiting

Front 59

IV administration of durgs the most ______ and effective drug administration.

Back 59

rapid

Front 60

An in-dwelling cather should be replaced with a new one every ______ hours.

Back 60

72

Front 61

A simplex (i.e. gravity set) IV system is used to administer fluids to _____ animals.

Back 61

large

Front 62

Name 6 itmes that should be recorded in the controlled substance log

Back 62

Date, owner's name, patient's name, drug name, amount dispensed or administered; name(s) of personnel admistering the drug to the patient.

Front 63

Why should drugs given by injection not be stored in the syringe for any length of time before administration?

Back 63

The plastic syringe may absorb the durg, which may cause it to be less effective.

Front 64

List the 3 types of syringe tips available.

Back 64

Luer-lok, slip-tip, eccentric, catheter tip.

Front 65

A tuberculin syringe holds up to ___ml of medication.

Back 65

1

Front 66

What type of syringe is divided into units rather than milliliters?

Back 66

insulin syringe.

Front 67

A(n) ______ is an agent that produces superficial irritation that is intended to relieve some other irritation.

Back 67

counterirritant

Front 68

A(n) will usually separate after long periods of shelf life andmust be shaken well before use to provide a uniform dose.

Back 68

suspension

Front 69

What type of syringe is constructed in such a way that the needle screws onto the tip of the syringe?

Back 69

luer-lok tip

Front 70

Iv administration in small animals should not take place in what vein/artery?

Back 70

carotid artery

Front 71

An indwelling cather must be replaced every ___ hours.

Back 71

72

Front 72

If an IV catheter is not used continuously, it should be flushed with heparinized saline every ___ to ____ hours.

Back 72

8; 12

Front 73

Cerumen is a substance that is commonly found in what anatomic par of the body?

Back 73

ear

Front 74

Any patient on IV fluid therapy should be monitored every ___ to ____ minutes.

Back 74

15; 30

Front 75

IV tubing should be changed after a ____ to _____ hour period.

Back 75

24; 48

Front 76

When an IM injection is given to the pelvic limb of a dog or cat, the area near the ___ nerve should be avoided.

Back 76

sciatic and ischiatic

Front 77

The place where a drug interacts binds with the cell and begins to exert its effect is the:
A) Antagonist
B) Receptor
C) Receptacle
D) Liver

Back 77

B

Front 78

During repolarization:
A) potassium ions move into the cell
B) the negatively charged potassium ions are repelled by the relatively positive charge inside the neuron caused by the sodium influx.
C) potassium ions move out of the cell
D) the net charge inside the cell swings back in the positive direction.

Back 78

C

Front 79

The ability of living organisms to absorb, distribute, metabolize, and eliminate a drug is know as:
A) Pharmacotherapeutics
B) harmacokinetics
C) biotransformation
D) pharmacodynamics.

Back 79

B

Front 80

Glycopyrrolate is a(n);
A) Cholinergic
B) Anticholinergic
C) Phenothiazine
D) Neuromuscular Blocking Agent

Back 80

B

Front 81

Steady-state serum concentration is:
A) the point of maximum concentration of a drug.
B) ratio between the toxic and therapeutic dose of a medication.
C) the state of equilibrium between the amount of a drug administered and eliminated during a given time interval.
D) maintenance of homeostasis in a patient.

Back 81

C

Front 82

A commonly used antiparasitic that causes an increased inhibitory neurotransmitter effect is:
A) ivermectin
B) valium
C) propofol
D) oxymorphone

Back 82

A

Front 83

Cranial Nerve I is the:
A) Optic Nerve
B) Olfactory Nerve
C) Accessory Nerve
D) Vagus Nerve

Back 83

B

Front 84

A reflex arc commonly used to assess the depth of anesthesia is:
A) crossed extensor reflex
B) papillary light reflex
C) withdrawal reflex
D) stretch reflex

Back 84

B

Front 85

The blood-brain barrier is found in the:
A) arteries
B) veins
C) capillaries
D) lymphatic vessels

Back 85

C

Front 86

Pharmacokinetics includes which of the following processes:
A) Visualization
B) Distribution
C) Elimination
D) Oxidation
E) Absorption
F) Hemolysis
G) Metabolism

Back 86

B,C,E,G

Front 87

Drugs may accumulate in what types of tissue?
A) Muscle
B) Fat
C) Connective
D) Plasma

Back 87

B

Front 88

Which of the following are neurotransmitters that exist in mammals? (Please mark ALL that apply)
A) Acetylcysteine
B) Acetylcholine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Epinephrine

Back 88

B,C,D

Front 89

Which of the following is considered the SECOND largest component of the brain?
A) brain stem
B) cerebrum
C) cerebellum
D) diencephalon

Back 89

C

Front 90

The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions from inside to outside the neuron’s cell membrane.
A) True
B) False

Back 90

B

Front 91

A technician may administer a medication on the verbal or written order of a licensed veterinarian.
A) True
B) False

Back 91

A

Front 92

Cranial Nerve II is the:
A) Optic Nerve
B) Olfactory Nerve
C) Vagus Nerve
D) Facial Nerve

Back 92

A

Front 93

Damage to this part of the brain would result in rapid death.
A) brain stem
B) cerebellum
C) cerebrum
D) diencephalon

Back 93

A

Front 94

Which of the following factors may affect distribution?
A) Solubility and pH of the drug.
B) Status of the GI tract.
C) Tissue barriers.
D) Disease processes
E) Age of the patient.
F) Nutritional status of the patient.

Back 94

C,D,F

Front 95

Sympathomimetic and sympathyolytic agents block which neurotransmitter?
A) Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Acetylcholinesterase

Back 95

A

Front 96

Which of the following factors may affect absorption?
A) Status of the GI tract.
B) Disease process or organ failure
C) Stomach contents
D) Solubility and pH of the drug
E) Availability of the appropriate receptor site.
F) Surface area available.

Back 96

A,D,F

Front 97

Define CNS

Back 97

Composed of brain and spinal cord

Front 98

Define PNS

Back 98

consists of cordlike nerves that link the CNS with the rest of the body.

Front 99

Define Afferent division

Back 99

Conducts nerve impulses towards the CNS

Front 100

Define efferent division

Back 100

Conducts nerve impulses away from the CNS

Front 101

Define SNS

Back 101

Somatic nervous system – conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

Front 102

Define ANS

Back 102

Autonomic Nervous System – the part of the nervous system that controls and coordinates the automatic function of the body (breathing, heart rate, etc.)

Front 103

Define neurotransmitters

Back 103

Presynaptic neuron that releases a chemical to bring depolarization to stimulate the next cell.

Front 104

Define synapse

Back 104

The junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell.

Front 105

Define reflex arc

Back 105

Composed of the sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneurons(s), motor neuron, and the target tissue or organ involved with a stimulus and reflex response.

Front 106

Compare and contrast the characteristics of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Back 106

The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord and found within the central axis of the body. The PNS is components of the nervous system that extend away from the central axis. Cranial nerves are part of the PNS originating directly from the brain and spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord.

Front 107

Compare and contrast afferent and efferent nerves. Which are sensory nerves and which are motor nerves? What types of actions will stimulation of these nerves create?

Back 107

Afferent nerves are sensory nerves – conduct impulse toward the CNS from sensory receptors in the skin and other parts of the body. Efferent or motor nerves conduct impulses from the CNS toward muscles and other organs (Skeletal contractions and movement).

Front 108

Briefly discuss depolarization and repolarization. What processes occur during each phase?

Back 108

Depolarization: impulse from external stimuli or adjoining neuron, sodium channel opens (only sodium ions pass through), flows readily as sodium concentration outside of cell is higher (concentration gradient and positive sodium attracted to net negative charge in cell. Repolarization: Sodium channels snap shut, stopping influx. At almost the same time potassium channels open up in cellular membrane. K+ passively diffuse out of cell – concentration gradient (high in cell, low outside) and strong positive charge brought into the cell by sodium, K+ cells are repelled. Outflow continues channels snap shut charge inside cell swings back in negative direction.

Front 109

What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump? How does it work? What is the its purpose?

Back 109

Cellular mechanism located in the cell membrane that actively pumps Na+ our of neuron and potassium ions (K+) into the neuron. Channel opens to allow Na+ into the cell (depolarization), then the channels shut and channels for potassium open and K+ flows out of the ce.. (repolarization).

Front 110

What is a synapse? Briefly describe what occurs during a chemical synapse?

Back 110

The junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell. The presynaptic neuron brings the depolarization wave to the synapse and releases a neurotransmitter (chemical) to the postsynaptic neuron that contains receptors to receive the neurotransmitter.

Front 111

What is the role of a neurotransmitter? Briefly describe the relationship between a neurotransmitter and receptor.

Back 111

Neurotransmitter bridges the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. The neurotransmitter is received by receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Front 112

What is the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Back 112

Excitatory neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron when they combine with their receptors. Inhibitory neurotransmitters tend to hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane amking the inside of the cell more negative than positive and moving the charge within the postsynaptic cell farther away from the threshold.

Front 113

List the primary neurotransmitters associated with the CNS and PNS. What is their purpose or role?

Back 113

CNS: GABA (inhibit activity in the brain), Glycine (spinal cord) Norepinephrine (Arousal, fight-or-flight); Epinephrine (fight or flight), Dopamine (autonomic functions and muscle control) PNS: Acetylcholine (causes muscles to contract, slows heart rate),

Front 114

How is acetylcholine different from acetylcholinesterase?

Back 114

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction. Acetylcholinersterase is the enzyme that brings about the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap.

Front 115

How can poisons, or antiparasitics, used to control parasites also affect our patients?

Back 115

They interrupt the function of the nerve synapse many times by blocking the neurotransmitter receptors (usually due to a similar molecular structure to the natural neurotransmitter in the body). They stimulate the postsynaptic cell causing an overstimulation of some part of the nervous system. In some cases it prevents and we see a suppression of that part of the nervous system.

Front 116

List the 4 sections of the brain and briefly describe the function and purpose of each section.

Back 116

Cerebrum: largest part of the brain in domestic animals; higher order behaviors (learning, intelligence, awareness); gray matter and white matter fibers. Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of the brain, allows coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes. Diencephalon: serves as nervous system passageway between the primitive brain stem and the cerebrum. Thalamus – relay station for regulating sensory inpuits to the cerebrum. Hypothalamus – interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Pituitary – master gland, regulates hormone production and release. Brain Stem: connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord (most primitive part of the brain), composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.

Front 117

What part of the brain is responsible for conscious thought and perception of sensation

Back 117

Cerebrum.

Front 118

Which section of the brain is used for coordination, posture, and fine motor control?

Back 118

cerebellum

Front 119

What part of the brain is a relay station for impulses going to and from the cerebrum?

Back 119

Diencephalon.

Front 120

Which section of the brain controls autonomic functions related to cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal function?

Back 120

Brain Stem.

Front 121

List the 3 layers of the meninges and briefly describe their function.

Back 121

Dura mater: tough outer layer; archnoid: middle layer, delicate and spider-like; pia mater:lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Connective tissue layers contain rich network of blood vessels, also provides cushioning and distribution of nutrients to CNS.

Front 122

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?

Back 122

Circulates between the layers of the meninges and through canals/ventricles inside the brain and ventricles and inside the spinal cord central canal. What is the purpose of the CSF? Cushion the brain and spinal cord from the hard inner surfaces of the skull and spinal column. Chemical compostion may be involved in the regulation of certain autonomic functions (respiration and vomiting). A CSF tap could provide what type of information for a veterinarian regarding a patient? Information regarding nervous system disease or cancers.

Front 123

What is the Blood-Brain Barrier? Why is this important?

Back 123

Functional barrier separating capillaries in the brain from nervous tissue. Cellular barrier that prevents many drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from readily passing from the blood into the brain. Protects the brain from many poisons circulating in the bloodstream.

Front 124

Compare and contrast the dorsal nerve roots and the ventral nerve roots. What is their purpose? How do they work?

Back 124

Dorsal nerve roots: sensory afferent fibers, Ventral Nerve Roots: motor efferent fibers.

Front 125

What are the 12 cranial nerves and what is the basic function of each? Which nerves are motor, which are sensory, and which are both?

Back 125

I Olfactory: smell; II Optic: vision; III Oculomotor: eye movement (pupil size, focusing lens); IV Trochlear: eye movements; V Trigemial: sensation from the head and teeth, chewing; VI Abducent: eye movement; VII Facial: face/scalp movements, salivation, tears, taste; VIII Vestibulocochlear: balance, hearing; IX Glosspharangeal: tongue movement, swallowing, salivation, taste; X Vegas: sensory for GI tract and respiratory tree, motor to the larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic, motor to abdominal and thoracic organs; XI Accessory: head movement, accessory motor with vegas; XII Hypoglossal: tongue movement. Sensory: I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X. Motor: III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII.

Front 126

Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. How will these systems effect circulation, cardiac activity, and gastrointestinal motility?

Back 126

Sympathetic Nervous System: fight or flight system helps cope with emergency situations. Parasympathetic Nervous System: rest and restore system decreasing the excitatory effects of SNS.

Front 127

Compare and contrast preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Back 127

Preganglionic neuron is the first neuron before the ganglion. Postganglion neuron carries impulse from the ganglia to the target organ.

Front 128

Alpha1 –adrenergic receptors

Back 128

vessels, vasoconstriction of skin/GI tract/kidneys

Front 129

Beta1-adrenergic receptors

Back 129

heart, increase in heart rate and force of contractions.

Front 130

Beta2- adrenergic receptors

Back 130

bronchodilation associated with sympathetic stimulation

Front 131

What are the primary neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 131

Norepinephrine.

Front 132

What are nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?

Back 132

2 types of cholinergic receptors for acetylcholine.

Front 133

Which branch of the ANS are they associated with? Parasympathetic.. Which neurotransmitter are they affected by?

Back 133

Acetylcholine.

Front 134

Where are these receptors located?

Back 134

Postganglionic neurons

Front 135

Compare and contrast cholinergic receptors and adrenergic receptors. Which neurotransmitter is involved with each?

Back 135

Cholinergic receptors: Alpha 1, Beta 1, Beta 2. Adrenergic receptors: Nicotinic, muscarinic.