Us History Ch. 14 Terms And Names

Front 1

Edwin L. Drake

Back 1

used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earth’s surface became practical.

Front 2

Bessemer process

Back 2

developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American ironmaker William Kelly around 1850, soon became widely used.

Front 3

Thomas Edison

Back 3

became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (the light bulb)

Front 4

Christopher Sholes

Back 4

invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work.

Front 5

Alexander Graham Bell

Back 5

invented the most dramatic invention, the telephone.

Front 6

Transcontinental road

Back 6

a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

Front 7

George M. Pullman

Back 7

built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie.

Front 8

Credit Mobilier

Back 8

a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.

Front 9

Munn v. Illinois

Back 9

in this case, the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two.

Front 10

Interstate Commerce Act

Back 10

established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission for that purpose.

Front 11

Andrew Carnegie

Back 11

was one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune. His rise from rags to riches, along with his passion for supporting charities, made him a model of the American success story.

Front 12

Vertical integration

Back 12

a process in which Carnegie bought out his suppliers – coal fields and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines – in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems.

Front 13

Horizontal integration

Back 13

companies that produce products merge.

Front 14

Social Darwinism

Back 14

grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution.

Front 15

John D. Rockefeller

Back 15

established the Standard Oil Company and took a different approach to merges: they joined with competing companies in trust agreements.

Front 16

Sherman Antitrust Act

Back 16

made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Front 17

Samuel Gompers

Back 17

led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886.

Front 18

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Back 18

focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.

Front 19

Eugene V. Debs

Back 19

attempted to form such an industrial union – the American Railway Union (ARU).

Front 20

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Back 20

a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.

Front 21

Mary Harris Jones

Back 21

the most prominent organizer in the women’s labor movement. She supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). She endured death threats and jail with the coal miners, who gave her the nickname mother Jones.