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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era.
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Gilded Age
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Term suggests that a glittering layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of much of society.
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Gilded Age
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During the Gilded Age the wealth held by industrialists helped to hide the problems faced by _____________. (3 groups)
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immigrants, laborers, and farmers
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During the Gilded Age there was a widespread abuse of power in both __________.
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business & government
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Term for pure capitalism or the view that government should play almost no role in the economy.
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laissez-faire
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The laissez-faire position holds that if government does not interfere, the strongest businesses will succeed and bring wealth to the ________.
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nation as a whole (or the whole nation)
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The primary developer of laissez-faire thought in his book The Wealth of Nations. (1776)
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Adam Smith
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Adam Smith believed that trade should be controlled by a ___________.
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free market
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In the late 1800s even though most Americans accepted laissez-faire in theory, in practice many supported government involvement in the economy when it _______.
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benefited them
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Was supported by many American businesses to encourage people to buy American goods.
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high tariffs
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A payment made by the government to encourage the development of certain key industries, such as railroads.
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subsidy
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During the Gilded Age these were often used by business giants to get politicians to vote a certain way.
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bribes (or gifts of money)
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A railroad construction company that was created to build the Union Pacific Railroad.
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Credit Mobilier
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In the 1870s, its tactics were found to be fraudulent--its stockholders were taking congressional funds meant for railroad construction for their own personal use.
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Credit Mobilier
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Its managers gave cheap shares of its valuable stock to congressmen who agreed to support its funding.
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Credit Mobilier
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The Credit Mobilier and many other scandals marked his eight years as President.
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Provided for the removal and replacement of all high ranking officials within the executive office who were members of a new president's opposition. These offices would then be filled by loyal members of the winning party.
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Spoils system
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As a result of this system people often got appointed to positions for which they were unqualified.
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Spoils system
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This system led to corruption when dishonest appointees used their jobs for personal profit.
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Spoils system
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Party that appealed to industrialists, bankers, and eastern farmers.
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Republican Party
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Party that was strongest in the North and upper Midwest and weak to nonexistent in the South (with the exception of African Americans who had no political power).
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Republican Party
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Party that favored a tight money supply backed by gold, high tariffs, generous pensions for Union soldiers, government aid to the railroads, strict limits on immigration, and enforcement of blue laws.
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Republican Party
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Regulations that prohibited certain private activities that some people considered immoral.
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blue laws
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Party that tended to attract those in society who were less privileged, including northern urban immigrants, laborers southern planters, and western farmers.
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Democratic Party
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Party that claimed to represent the interests of ordinary people, an increased money supply backed by silver, lower tariffs on imported goods, higher farm prices, less government aid to big business, and fewer blue laws.
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Democratic Party
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To avoid offending party members candidates tended to avoid taking well defined stands on _____.
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controversial issues
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Since most states tended to be strongly tied to one party or another candidates tended to come from _________.
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swing states
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States that might vote either Republican or Democrat.
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swing states
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Recalling the bloodshed of the civil war and blaming it on the democratic party.
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"waving the bloody shirt"
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The abuses of Radical Reconstruction gave the democrats their own _______.
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"bloody shirt"
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President who surprised many of his supporters by refusing to use the spoils system.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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President who began to reform the civil service system where he based appointments on merit rather than spoils or patronage.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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The government's nonelected workers.
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civil service
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Party that was split into three factions as the 1880 presidential election approached.
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Republican Party
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Followers of Senator Roscoe Conkling who defended the spoils system.
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Stalwarts
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Followers of James G. Blaine, who hoped to reform the spoils system while remaining loyal to the party.
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Half-Breeds
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Opposed the spoils system altogether.
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Independents
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Ally of the Half-Breeds who won the Republican presidential nomination in 1880.
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James A. Garfield
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A stalwart who was added as the Vice Presidential candidate to balance the Republican ticket of 1880.
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Chester A. Arthur
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Was assassinated by a man who had expected to receive a civil service appointment.
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James A. Garfield
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The assassination of James Garfield caused a public outcry against the _____.
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Spoils system
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As a result of Garfield's assassination Chester Arthur was able to obtain congressional support for civil service reform which resulted in the passage of the _______.
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Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
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Created a Civil Service Commission, which classified government jobs and tested applicants fitness for them.
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
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Stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds and could not be fired for political reasons.
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
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Became the first Democratic president since 1856.
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Grover Cleveland
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Republican independents who supported Cleveland because they believed Blaine was too corrupt.
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"mugwumps"
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Struck the US economy in 1893 and lasted until about 1900.
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a depression
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Defeated Grover Cleveland in the 1888 election because he wanted an increase in tariffs where Cleveland favored a minor reduction.
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Benjamin Harrison
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Became the only US president to serve two nonconsecutive terms.
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Grover Cleveland
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A group of protestors who marched on Washington in 1894 demanding that Washington create jobs for the unemployed.
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Coxey's army
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Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act & sent Federal troops to Chicago during the Pullman Strike.
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Grover Cleveland
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Emerged as a political power during economic hard times of the early 1890s.
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Populists
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Defeated William Jennings Bryan in both 1896 & in 1900, oversaw a new tariff bill and a stronger gold standard.
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William McKinley
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As the economy began to climb out of the 1890s depression, Republicans claimed credit with the slogan _____.
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"A Full Dinner Pail"
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William McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by a self proclaimed ______.
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anarchist
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In the late 1800s around the world they were fleeing crop failures, shortages of land and jobs, rising taxes, famine, religious and political persecution.
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Immigrants
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Moving from one country to another.
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Immigration
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Number of additional people who entered the US between 1865 and 1920.
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close to 30 million
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There were many push factors which brought immigrants to America but most were pulled by the hope of freedom and ________.
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economic opportunity
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The violent massacre of Jews which swept across Russia in the 1880s.
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Pogroms
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Offered Russian Jews freedom of religion and the opportunity to build a new life.
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America or the US
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Most immigrants traveled to America in _________. (place on the boat)
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steerage
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A large open area beneath the ship's deck.
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steerage
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Young single men who worked for a number of months or years in the US and then returned home.
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"birds of passage"
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About 10 million immigrants came to the US between 1865 and 1890. Most came from ___.
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northwestern and central European countries
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In the 1890s, the pattern of immigration shifted dramatically. Most new immigrants came from countries of _________.
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central, southern, and eastern Europe and the Middle East
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Until the 1880s, decisions about whom to allow into the country were left to the ______.
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states
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In 1882, the federal government began excluding certain categories of _____.
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immigrants
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In 1891, it was formed to determine who was fit to settle in the US and who was not.
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Office of the Superintendent of Immigration
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More than 70% of all immigrants came through _____.
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New York City
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In 1892, the federal government opened a huge reception center for steerage passengers on ________,
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Ellis Island
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Ellis Island is located in _________.
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New York harbor
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In 1892, the federal government required all new immigrants to undergo a physical examination. Those found to have a contagious disease faced _________.
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quarantine or deportation
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A time of isolation to prevent the spread of disease.
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quarantine
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Immigrants often sought to live in communities established by previous settlers from their _________.
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homelands
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Few immigrants moved to this section of the country because it offered them few jobs.
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The South
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Areas in which one ethnic or racial group dominates.
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ghettos
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Offered immigrants the comfort of familiar language and traditions.
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ghettos
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Some (e.g. Chinatown) were formed when ethnic groups wanted to protect themselves from whites.
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ghettos
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Agreements among homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of people.
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restrictive covenants
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In the mid-1800s American railroad companies recruited about a quarter of a million ______.
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Chinese workers
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Labor unions fought hard to exclude them as immigrants because they would work for lower wages and bring wage rates down.
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the Chinese
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Passed in 1882 it prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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The Chinese Exclusion Act was not repealed until _____.
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A.D. 1943
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In 1910 the Federal government built an immigration center here, is San Francisco Bay similar to Ellis Island.
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Angel Island
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Even though they did not compete with union laborers for jobs, labor unions and political leaders who supported them fought to stop their immigration.
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Japanese
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In 1906, the school board in San Francisco ruled that all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children should attend a ______.
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separate school
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An unofficial agreement reached by President Teddy Roosevelt with Japanese officials in 1907. This agreement called on San Francisco to end it school exclusion of Japanese and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers.
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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Passed by California in 1913, it banned alien Asians from owning farmland.
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Webb Alien Land Law
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Noncitizen living in the US.
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alien
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Promoted the irrigation of southwestern lands and turned millions of acres of desert into fertile farmland.
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Newlands National Reclamation Act
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Demand for laborers from Mexico to grow and harvest food, mine the copper, coal, and other vital minerals needed for war materials was drastically increased by ____.
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US entry into World War I
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New opportunities were a "pull" factor that drew Mexican workers to America. Turmoil in Mexico was a ______.
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"push" factor
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The Mexican Revolution in 1910 and the civil war that followed resulted in large numbers of ______.
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Mexican immigrants (to US)
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When the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 limited immigration from Europe and Asia, labor shortages again drew ________.
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Mexicans across the border
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US cities grew at the end of the 19th century both as a result of ________.
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immigration and urbanization
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Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans left behind the hardships of their farms and moved to the ____.
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cities
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A population shift from rural areas to the cities.
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urbanization
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Increased acts of violence and segregation after the end of reconstruction (1877) resulted in many blacks fleeing the ________.
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South and moving to the cities.
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In the 1910s, when the boll weevil destroyed the cotton crops and floods ruined Alabama and Mississippi farmlands, several hundred thousand African Americans fled the South mostly to _______.
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northern cities
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Subways, skyscrapers, smog, and slums were new features of modern city life that developed between ______.
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1865 to 1900
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In the later 1800s and early 1900s motorized methods of transportation made commuting much easier and increased __________.
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suburban growth
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As urban space became scarce, buildings were ________.
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taller & taller
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Low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in.
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tenements
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A group of dirty, run-down tenements could transform an area into a ______.
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slum
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Because tenement buildings were packed so close together in the slum areas of cities both __________.
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fires and diseases would spread quickly.
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A change in New York law in 1879 that required a window in every room resulted in the building of the _________.
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dumbbell tenement
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Though legislators did make laws which demanded improvements diseases were also spread in the tenements by contaminated ______.
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drinking water
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Many of the horrors of tenement life were exposed, in 1890, when reporter Jacob Riis published _________.
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How the Other Half Lives
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As a result of his work New York State passed the first meaningful laws to improve tenements.
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Jacob Riis
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When the middle and the upper class began moving to the suburbs the gap between the well-to-do and the poor ________.
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widened
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Urban growth put pressure on city officials to improve police and fire protection, transportation systems, sewage disposal, electrical water service, and health care. To deliver these services cities were forced to ________.
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raise taxes
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Increased revenue and responsibilities gave city governments ______.
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more power
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Was born out of the clashing of interests in the cities particularly between those of the middle and upper classes and those of the new immigrants, migrants from the countryside, and workers.
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political machine
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An unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power.
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political machine
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Political machines were usually headed by a single powerful ______.
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"boss"
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Machines basically worked through the exchange of favors for _____.
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votes
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The use of one's job to gain profit, a major source of income for political machines.
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Graft
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Tended to support political machines because the machines helped poor people at a time when neither government nor private industry would.
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Immigrants
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Most notorious political boss who controlled Tammany Hall.
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"Boss" Tweed
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Political club that ran New York City's Democratic Party.
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Tammany Hall
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The Tweed ring amassed millions of dollars through ______.
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fraud and Graft
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German immigrant cartoonist who helped bring down Tweed by exposing his methods.
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Thomas Nast
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The New York Charity Organization Society (COS) tried to make charity a ______.
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scientific enterprise
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A movement that sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society.
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the Social Gospel
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The real beginning of the "What would Jesus do?" (WJD) movement.
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the Social Gospel
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Young reformers settled in a house in the midst of a poor neighborhood and formed a community center and offered social services.
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settlement houses
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Founded the most famous settlement house, the Hull House in Chicago.
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Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr
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A scientific counterpart to the settlement houses' practical experience. It studied cultures around the world to learn what institutions and practices define a society.
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Sociology
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Many Americans blamed them for the problems in the cities.
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new immigrants
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The policy or attitude of favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.
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nativism
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Nativism began to reappear in the 1880s partially because of the rise of immigrants to positions of power in the _____.
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cities
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Nativist group founded in 1887, targeted immigrants as well as the Catholic church. Called for the teaching of only American culture and the English language in schools and demanded tighter rules on citizenship and employment aliens. Members took an oath to hire and vote for only Protestants.
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American Protective Association
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In 1885, Congress repealed the Contract Labor Act which had allowed employers to recruit ___.
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foreign laborers
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When employers brought in foreigners to replace striking workers it increased nativist feelings among ______.
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workers or laborers
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Were more likely victims of nativism than other European immigrants.
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southern and eastern Europeans.
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Southern and Eastern Europeans were more often the victims of nativist attitudes because they were more often ________.
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Catholic or Jewish
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An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.
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temperance movement
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The temperance movement supported a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages or ______.
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prohibition
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Temperance groups also opposed drinking because they saw a links between ______.
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saloons, immigrants, and political bosses
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Drugs, gambling, and prostitution.
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vice
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Large cities made vice more ________.
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profitable
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Efforts to suppress vice in cities.
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"purity crusades"
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Prohibited sending obscene materials through US mail.
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Comstock Law
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These methods were considered obscene under the Comstock Law.
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birth control
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By campaigning on an anti-vice platform a coalition of purity crusaders and other reformers were sometime able to throw machine candidates _______.
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out of office
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