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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Factors that either force people to move elsewhere or strongly attract them to do so.
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push-pull factors
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Force people to move elsewhere.
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push factors
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Attract people to a new place to live.
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pull factors
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Immigration, westward movement, and urbanization were all encouraged by ______.
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push-pull factors
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Government gave away large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.
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Pacific Railway Acts
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Railroads sold portions of their land to _____.
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settlers
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Gave the states millions of acres of western lands, which they could sell for the creation of "land grant" colleges specializing in agriculture and the mechanical arts.
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Morrill Land-Grant Act
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People who bought land in hopes of selling later for a profit.
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land speculators
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Passed in 1862, offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay $10, live on the land 6 months out of the year and had to live on it five years.
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Homestead Act
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The government program that really encouraged Western settlement.
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Homestead Act
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Settlers were pulled west by the new fact that __________ was protected.
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private property
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Reconstruction and the protection of African Americans in the South by federal troops ended in _____. (year)
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A.D. 1877
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Fled west to escape the violence, exploitation and segregation in the South that followed the end of reconstruction.
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African Americans
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50,000 African Americans who fled the South for the West after the end of reconstruction.
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Exodusters
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What could and should be done with western Indians so that their lands could be used productively.
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"the Indian problem"
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Turned native Americans toward a nomadic life and made warfare between Native Americans more intense.
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the horse
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Restricted movements of Native Americans, restricted them to reservations, produced misunderstandings and outright fraud.
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treaties
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Federal lands set aside for Native Americans.
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Reservations
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When they no longer served the purpose of the U.S. government they were often broken.
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treaties
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In 1871 the Federal government declared that it would make no more treaties and recognize no ____.
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chiefs
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In the end they succumbed less to war than to disease and lack of food and shelter.
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Native Americans
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Generic term for conflicts between U.S. Federal troops and or settlers and Native Americans. Can also refer to battles between Native Americans.
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Indian Wars
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After being promised protection by the Colorado governor, Black Kettle led Cheyenne and Arapaho to camp near Sand Creek. Between 150 and 500 Native Americans largely women and children were slaughtered by 700 soldiers under Colonel John Chivington. (1864)
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Sand Creek Massacre
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Also called the Chivington massacre and the Massacre of the Cheyenne.
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Sand Creek Massacre
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The US abandoned the the Bozeman Trail and created a large Sioux reservation in what is half of South Dakota today.
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Fort Laramie Treaty
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His report that there was Gold in the Black Hills resulted in miners overruning the region that had been given to the Sioux in the Fort Laramie Treaty.
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Colonel George Custer
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When the US offered to buy the Black Hills Red Cloud entered into negotiations, but these two chiefs who never signed the Fort Laramie treaty left the reservation and hostilities resumed.
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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
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When Colonel Custer was sent to round up the Indians in 1876, he and his troops were wiped out at this battle.
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Battle of Little Big Horn
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In 1890 the armed US forces massacred more than 200 unarmed Sioux Indians here.
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Wounded Knee
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Sincere US reformers who wanted to help the Native Americans still believed they needed to be _____.
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"civilized"
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The process by which one society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by adopting its culture.
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assimilation
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These schools were created off the reservations to teach Native Americans how to be like the white man.
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Native American Boarding Schools
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Native American boarding schools were an attempt to _______ Native Americans.
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assimilate
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An 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots.
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Dawes Act
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The Dawes Act was also an attempt to assimilate Native Americans into farmers but was resisted by many _____.
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Native Americans
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An area to which greater and greater numbers of Indian tribes were forced. Whites settled into the area also and it was eventually incorporated into the state of Oklahoma.
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Indian Territory
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Miners flooded into the West in search of ___.
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gold
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After the easy gold and precious metals were quickly removed only large corporations could afford the equipment to mine to ore and mining became the realm of ______.
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big business
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During an after the civil war cookbooks began to snub pork as "difficult to digest" and "unwholesome" this help create a demand for ___.
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beef
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Enabled animals to be slaughtered before being shipped on the railroad instead of after.
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refigeration
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A town specifically built on the railroad for receiving cattle to be shipped.
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cow town
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Abiline, KS was the first but Cheyenne, Dodge City, Wichita and Ellsworth were also ____.
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cow towns
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19th-century route for cattle drives between Texas and Kansas cow towns.
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Chisholm Trail
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When cowboys crossed the Red River on the Long Drive they entered Indian territory and had to be on the watch for Indian ____.
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raids
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A new breed of wealthy ranchers that created huge cattle operations.
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Cattle Barons
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In 1885, about three dozen reigned over more than 20 million acres of rangeland.
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Cattle Barons
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Ended in the mid-1880s, when a combination of over-expansion, price declines, cold winters, dry summers, and cattle fever drove thousands to bankruptcy.
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Cattle bonanza
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Those who farmed claims under the Homestead act.
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homesteaders
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Even though large scale farms did absorb smaller farms in some places. Still the Great Plains remained primarily a region of _____.
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small family farms
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As the result of expanded railroads and barbed wire they triumphed over the ranchers and shaped the economy of the West.
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farmers
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In 1890, the head of the Census Bureau announced the official end of the _____.
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frontier
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Idea that fronteir life, had created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy.
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Turner Thesis
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Historian who came up with the Frontier Thesis.
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Frederick Jackson Turner
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During the panics of 1873 and 1893 they suffered the double disasters of falling crop prices and loans called in by banks.
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farmers
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For most of the history of the US the government would rarely intervene to stabelize the economy, but toward the end of the 19th century farmers were increasingly beginning to ask the government for ____.
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help
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Farmers opposed them because they hurt them in two ways, they raised the prices they had to pay for manufactured goods and reduced the world market for farm products.
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tariffs
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Tariffs hurt the world market for farm products because other countries retaliated with tariffs against American _____.
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farm products
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A tax on imports the US used them against manufactured products.
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tariffs
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If the government increases the money supply the value of every dollar ____.
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drops
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When the value of money goes down and the prices of goods goes up it is called _____.
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inflation
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Borrowers benefit from ______.
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inflation
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Lenders benefit from _______.
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deflation
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The federal government's plan for the makeup and quanity of the nation's money supply.
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Monetary policy
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Currency of the US prior to 1873, which consisted of gold or silver as well as US treasury notes that could be traded in for Gold or Silver.
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Bimetallic Standard
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In 1873, in order to prevent inflation, Congress put the nation's currency on a ________.
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gold standard
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The gold standard reduced the amount of money in ciculation because the money supply was limited by the amount of gold held by the ___.
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government
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Conservatives who supported the gold standard many of them were lenders.
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"gold bugs"
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Claimed ending silver as a monetary standard would depress farm prices and called for free silver.
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"silverites"
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The unlimited coining of sliver dollars to increase the money supply.
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free silver
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Legislative attempts to increase the coinage of silver at the end of the 19th century had ____.
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limited success
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Formed in 1866 by Oliver H. Kelley to help farmers form cooperatives and pressure state legislators to regulate railroads and elevators from over charging farmers.
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The Grange
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Regulated the prices that railroads charged to move freight between states, requiring rates to be set in proportion to distance traveled.
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Interstate Commerce Act
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A new national party founded in 1891 by the Farmers' Alliances that demanded radical economic change in Federal economic and social policies.
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People's Party (Populists)
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Its general purpose was to advance the interests of farmers.
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Populist movement or party or People's party
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Increased circulation of money, unlimited minting of silver, a progressive income tax, & government ownerships of communications and transportations systems were all parts of the ___.
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Populist Platform (1892)
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The percentage of tax you pay on your income goes up with your income.
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progressive income tax
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The 1896 Presidential election was focused mainly on __________.
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currency issues
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Republican who ran in the 1896 presidential election on a gold standard platform.
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William McKinley
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Running on a platform of free silver was nominated by both the Democratic and the Populist Parties.
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William Jennings Bryan
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William Jennings Bryan's speech against the Gold standard.
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"Cross of Gold speech"
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Carried the South and the West in the presidential election of 1896.
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William Jennings Bryan
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Bryan failed to carry any of the midwestern and northern urban and industrial states because workers believed free silver might cause inflation which would reduce the value of their ___.
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wages
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In 1900, after new discoveries of gold increased the world's gold supply congress returned the nation to the _________.
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gold standard
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After 1900 when crop prices began a slow rise the silver movement died as did _______.
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populism
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The primary influence of the populist party was that in the decades to come the Progressives would apply their ideas to _____.
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urban and industrial problems
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