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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agape MAY
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Caring: in Mays theory, caring is more than a feeling; it is a state of being that is the source of love and will.
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Angst MAY
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In German, the feeling of "losing being", anguish, dread. It is in May's theory, the basic anxiety of a finite being and the threats of non-being.
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Anxiety and non-being MAY
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anxiety is the state of the person in the struggle against what would destroy his or her being. At a deep level, anxiety always involves a confrontation with the possibility of non-being.
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Awareness MAY
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The subjective side centeredness is awareness. This term means vigilance. This person is wary of external threats and dangers.
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Becoming MAY
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The process in which an individual is continually struggling to develop and discover what his or her potentialities are and assume responsibility for their expression.
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Circumstantial Destiny MAY
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human events over which we individually have no control, and which we cannot ignore, undo, or avoid.
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Cosmic destiny MAY
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unpredictable natural events that affect our lives, but about which we can do nothing.
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Cultural Destiny MAY
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the family, society, and culture into which we are born, We do not choose those givens, but we may influence their effects to some extent.
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Daimonic MAY
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any natural function that has the power to take over the whole person. This force can be either creative or destructive.
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Dasein MAY
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German word for "being there" Human being, being-in-the-world. The term Dasein indicates that a human being does not exist apart from his or her experience of the world at a particular time in a specific place.
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Destiny MAY
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describes the limits of freedom. These limits or "givens" have four levels: cosmic, genetic, cultural, and circumstantial.
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Eigenwelt MAY
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German for "ones own world". ones experience of thoughts and feelings, involving self-awareness and self-relatedness.
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Eros MAY
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The passionate desire to unite with another person. It leads people to search for a tender relationship within a sexual context and to seek wholeness with that partner.
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Existentialism
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a philosophical approach emphasizing that people have a responsibility for their actions, beliefs, and commitments.
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Existential phenomenological psychology
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an approach to psych that combines the emphases of existentialism and those of phenomenology.
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Fear MAY
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The emotions accompanying the sense of a threat to the periphery of ones existence; the person can stand outside and look at it objectively.
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Freedom MAY
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The capacity to make choices. May distinguishes between freedom of doing and freedom of being.
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Freedom of Being MAY
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An essential freedom, the deeper origin of the freedom of doing. It is concerned with the context of acts and the ability to choose ones attitude toward events--whether one acts or not. It is an inner spiritual freedom.
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Freedom of doing MAY
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the "capacity to pause in the face of stimuli, from many directions at once. and in this pause, to throw ones weights toward this response rather than that one. it represents the myriad of choices and decisions we make on a daily basis".
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Intentionality MAY
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A persons ongoing application of meaning to objects and people in their world and to the experience of the world itself.
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Mitwelt
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German "with-world" ones experiential world of interpersonal relationships and interrelatedness. It includes the meaning and the individual attaches to those relationships.
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Ontological anxiety MAY
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The emotion accompanying the sense of a threat to the core a person's self-esteem and sense of value as self.
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Ontological guilt MAY
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The sense of guilt that arises because we might not have made the choices that were open to us or that we may not have made the right choices. This is a non-neurotic form of guilt.
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Ontology
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a branch of philosophy that seeks to understand the nature of being. It studies the processes of being and non-being and the persons own view of reality.
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Participation in other beings MAY
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all existing persons have the need and possibility of going out from their centeredness to participate in other beings.
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Phenomenal centeredness MAY
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every person is centered in self and therefore their lives, loves, hates, is creative or destructive, flexible or rigid, blind or perceptive because of that center.
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Phenomenology
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The philosophical approach pioneered by Husserl and Heideggar which focuses on the description of human experience as it appears or unfolds, without the application of explanatory or theoretical concepts.
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Philia
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Friendship or "brotherly". It is a love that accepts and enjoys the other person.
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Self-affirmation and courage MAY
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every existing person has the character of self-affirmation, which is the need to preserve his or her centeredness and can mobilize the courage to do so.
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Self-consciousness MAY
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the uniquely human form of awareness is self-consciousness. Self-consciousness permits the person to transcend the immediate, concrete situation, to live in terms of the possible and to use abstractions. the person is conscious of both self as an active subject and as a passive subject.
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Sex MAY
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one of the biological drives, the biological aspect of love.
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Unconscious MAY
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those potentialities for knowing and experiencing that the individual cannot or will not actualize.
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Umwelt
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"around-world" experience of the physical aspects of the internal and external environments. The umwelt is that aspect of the experienced world that includes biological needs, drives, and instinct. it is one mode of 'being in world'.
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Welt
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"world" Indicates the experiential world of a person in phenomelogical phil and psych. it has three modes or components: umwelt, mitwelt, and eigenwelt.
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Will MAY
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The application of meaning to objects and people, which allow inds to make decisions willfully. the capacity to organize ones thoughts and movements toward a goal or person.
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What are George Kelly's 11 Corollaries
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Construction, individuality, organization, dichotomy, choice, range, experience, modulation, fragmentation, commonality, sociality
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What does REP stand for? Who developed it?
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George Kelly developed REP: Role Construct Repertory Test. The REP test requires the individual to compare systematically their personal interpretations of the roles of specific people. The interpretations can then be analyzed impressionistically or objectively with the tools of correlation and factor analysis.
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What is fixed role therapy? KELLY
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Involves the psychologist writing a personality sketch that differs in significant ways from the clients usual roles. The client is then invited to enact the role for 2 or more weeks. The alternative construction of events embodied in the fixed-role sketch is often sufficient to aid the client in constructing life differently.
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What is CPC? KELLY
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Circumspection -preemption-choice/control cycle involves the person in a restructuring of their construct system in 3 phases: 1. circumspection phase: involves the dev of propositional constructions of events 2. preemption phase: the individual must narrow constructions to one significant dichotomous construct. 3. control/choice phase: the ind decides to act on one or the other pole of the dichotomous construct that was chosen in phase 2.
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What does George Kelly say about personal constructs?
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Personal constructs may be thought of as a person's means of making sense of life. Changes in a persons constructions may be necessitated by the demands of reality.
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Are personal constructs idiographic or nomothetic? KELLY
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ideographic
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What is an ipsative test?
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Idiographic theories tend to be ipsative, meaning they compare the individual with their own past and future performances but do not permit comparison across individuals.
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Are Kelly's 11 corollaries ideographic or nomothetic?
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Nomothetic because they are applied to individuals universally and are viewed as indicative of human nature in general.
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1. Construction Corollary KELLY
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A person anticipates events by constructing their replications.
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2. Individuality Corollary KELLY
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Person differs from each other in their construction of events.
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3. Organization Corollary KELLY
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each person characteristically evolves for their own convenience in anticipating events. a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.
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4. Dichotomy Corollary KELLY
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A persons construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs.
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5. Choice Corollary KELLY
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A person chooses that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he or she anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of their system.
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6. Range Corollary KELLY
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A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only.
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7. Experience Corollary KELLY
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A persons construction system varies as they successively construe the replication of events.
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8. Modulation Corollary KELLY
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The variation in a persons construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose ranges of convenience the variant lies.
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9. Fragmentation Corollary KELLY
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A person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems that are inferentially incompatible with each other.
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10. Commonality Corollary KELLY
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To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, their psych processes are similar to those of the other person.
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11. Sociality Corollary KELLY
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To the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another, they may play a role in a social process involving the other person.
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Aggressiveness KELLY
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actively assimilating a greater range of experiences and constructing alternative choices.
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Anxiety KELLY
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the feelings of threat when confronted with experiences discrepant with one's exceptions and outside of ones construct systems.
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Circumspection KELLY
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The first stage in the CPC cycle that involves the use of propositional constructs enabling one to reason relativistically. Propositional thinking is hypothetical, tentative, and relativistic.
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Constellatory constructs KELLY
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a construct in which the elements are applied automatically and rigidly to a person, object, situation.
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Constructive alternativism KELLY
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The capacity of an individual to change his or her view or interpretation of problems and events. In Kelly's theory, such an ability was the key to successful adaption.
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Construe KELLY
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An active effort to explain/interpret/give meaning to experiences. We place interpretations on events, that is, we construe them.
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Control/choice KELLY
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The 3rd stage of the CPC cycle, which involves deciding which pole of the dichotomous construct, selected in the preemptive phase, is most relevant to the situation.
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Core constructs KELLY
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Constructs, largely inflexible and resistant to change, on which we rely most heavily when explaining something.
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CPC Cycle KELLY
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A problem solving process in a construct system that involves 3 phases: circumspection, preemption, choice/control.
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fixed-role therapy KELLY
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asks clients to act as if they were other people with different psychological characteristics.
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Fundamental postulate KELLY
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"a persons processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events". Psych reactions are determines by the way they make sense of or experiences different events.
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Guilt KELLY
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Feelings and thoughts that accompany a persons acting in a way that is outside or inconsistent of the persons core role or self image.
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Impermeable construct KELLY
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a construct that does not admit new experiences/elements to be included within its boundaries.
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Permeable constructs KELLY
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A construct that assimilates new experiences within its boundaries.
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Personal constructs KELLY
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An individuals implicit or explicit ways of looking at/explaining/interpreting events in the world.
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Preemption KELLY
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2nd stage in CPC cycle, in which a person chooses the relevant elements from among their propositional alternative and chooses the one construct that seems relevant.
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Propositional construct KELLY
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A construct in which the elements are open to modification based on new experiences.
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Role construct repertory test KELLY
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REP test: identifies the constructs a person uses to construe the relevant people in their life.
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Subordinal construct KELLY
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A construct that is subsumed under a broader and more general construct.
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Superordinal construct KELLY
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In a hierarchical construct system, a construct that subsumes others.
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Unconscious KELLY
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constructs with a low level of awareness.
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What is Albert Bandura's approach called?
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social cognitive theory. it emphasizes the findings of cognitive psych and learning theory within many contexts of daily life.
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What are the implications of observational learning? BANDURA
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the internal cognitive processes of attention, retention, reproduction, and then vicarious or direct reinforcement. these have to exist for learning from a models behavior to occur.
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Describe Bandura's multicausal perspective: reciprocal triadic determinism
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a persons behavior regulates and is regulated in turn by the environment and the persons awareness of this interaction can also change the nature of the interaction. This can help explain why certain psychopathology is aquisitioned by reinforced maladaptive behavior.
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Advantageous comparison BANDURA
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Choosing a sufficiently poor standard against which to compare one's own conduct, then much of the blame can be avoided.
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Agentic BANDURA
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indicating a proactive rather than a reactive approach to life. involves active problem solving, planning, action, innovation.
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Attribution of blame BANDURA
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Justifying mistreatment of another by saying 'they deserved it'. the strategy is sometimes called 'blaming the victim'.
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Dehumanization BANDURA
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disengaging self-controls against mistreating people by finding ways not to see them has people. Pejorative/stereotyping labels are another way to do this.
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Diffusion of responsibility BANDURA
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the strategy of confusing or losing a precise locus of responsibility by resorting to the notion that no one in particular is accountable.
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Displacement of responsibility BANDURA
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distorting the relationship between a given action and its effects in order to disengage the usual self-reg controls; weakens personal restraints and lessens concern for the well-being of others.
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Disregarding/distorting consequences BANDURA
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strategy of dissociating the action and the outcome
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Efficacy expectations BANDURA
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a persons belief that given outcomes can be personally accomplished because one possesses the requisite skills.
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enactive attainments//performance accomplishments BANDURA
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the outcomes of a persons own efforts. a persons own efforts either succeed or fail and the outcome can be an instructive guide for planning.
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Euphemistic labeling BANDURA
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the idea that what something is called or labled substantially affects the meaning we place upon it
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Judgments of excellence BANDURA
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self-reg processes include judgments of the creativity, excellence, and goodness of ones own behavior.
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Modeling BANDURA
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an efficient way of affecting behavior through demonstration; the steps in which a person learns through modeling are: attention, retention, symbolic reproduction or representation, and receiving vicarious/direct reinforcement.
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Moral Justification BANDURA
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providing what appears to be a moral explanation for conduct that would be seen by a person as reprehensible; a person may restructure the meaning of their behavior sufficiently to justify the conduct.
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Outcome expectation BANDURA
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a persons estimate that particular outcomes will occur. usually based on the success or failure of similar efforts.
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Selective activation of internal control BANDURA
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the processes by which a person is free to activate or deactivate self control. they are: moral justification, euphemistic labeling, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, disregard or distortion of consequences, dehumanization, attribution of blame.
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Self-efficacy BANDURA
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a persons expectancy that they will perform successfully in a given task or behavior, and meet the challenge competently.
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self-observation of behavioral quality BANDURA
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the awareness of qualities such as originality, authenticity, and ethicalness are applied as evaluative standards by the person to his or her own behavior to create incentives to act in a particular way.
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self-reaction processes BANDURA
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rewards/punishments that an individual provides to his or her own behavior with feelings of competence or with feelings of self-devaluation.
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Self-regulatory processes in the self-systems BANDURA
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processes in the self-system with the underlying themes of competence, mastery, and self efficacy. these processes are: self-observation of behavior quality, judgments of excellence, and self-reactions.
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Self-systems BANDURA
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a complex of processes interdependent with the persons social/physical environment' the self-system is not a 'little person' inside the person
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social cognitive theory BANDURA
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cognitive processes and self-reflection are viewed as central to human behavior; people are seen as planning and predicting the consequences of their behaviors with an interpersonal context.
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social competence BANDURA
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the ability to have desired impacts interpersonally.
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Triadic reciprocal determinism BANDURA
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an interactive triad that determines behavior; elements that interact are: P) the persons awareness and thinking B) the persons ongoing behavior and E) the persons environment
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Vicarious reinforcement BANDURA
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a change in attitude/behavior that may ensue after a person watches another being reinforced for engaging in a behavior. Vicarious reinforcement is not actually direct reinforcement (I am afraid of spiders because I have watched my mother react fearfully towards spiders.)
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Ambivert EYSENCK
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Someone who displays both introvert and extrovert behaviors
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Arousal theory EYSENCK
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the theory that behavior is partially a function of the greater state of arousal (excitation) or de-arousal (inhibition) of the cortex. This excitation-inhibition varies among individuals. People vary in how rapidly this cortical arousal occurs, and to what extent.
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Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) EYSENCK
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A system in the central nervous system that is responsible for patterns of excitation and inhibition of the cerebral cortex.
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS) EYSENCK
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part of the nervous system that governs the smooth muscles, heart muscle, glands, the viscera and controls their functions, including physiological responses to emotion. It has 2 divisions: sympathetic/parasympathetic.
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Biosocial model EYSENCK
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A concept of personality that includes inherited biological tendencies and the influence of the of the interpersonal environment.
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Central nervous system EYSENCK
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major part of the nervous system which is made up of the brain and spinal cord. it contains inhibition-excitation processes.
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choleric temperament EYSENCK
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(Galen) personality type said to be quick to action/angry etc. thought to be caused by an excess of yellow bile, one of the four bodily humors or fluids.
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Conditioned inhibition EYSENCK
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a learned inhibitory response
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Drive theory EYSENCK
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a theory that states that a bodily tension is a strong internal stimulus, felt as a need and impels the ind to take action to relieve the arousal/tension.
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Dysthymia EYSENCK
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Chronic mood disorder involving mild/persistent depression. opten found in disordered introverted neurotics.
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Excitatory processes EYSENCK
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processes that occur when the excitatory cells in the cortex start firing.
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Extrovert EYSENCK
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personality type characterized by an outgoing nature that adapts easily to any given circumstance. such inds seek social/physical stimulation.
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Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
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Personality questionnaire based on factor analysis, measures the dimensions of introversion-extroversion, psychoticism, and neuroticism.
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Factor analysis EYSENCK
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stat method that looks at how inds score on groups of measures correlate with their scores on other measures. Particular variables often group themselves to form a factor.
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Hedonic tone EYSENCK
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positive/negative feelings and appraisals related to different levels of arousal.
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High-P score EYSENCK
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a score high on psychotocism on the EPQ
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Humors EYSENCK
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To Galen the 4 vital fluids posessed by humansL blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile. the balance of these humors in each person was presumed to influence personality.
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hysterical disorder EYSENCK
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the loss or impairment of some motor/sensory function for which there is no organic cause, often seen in disordered neurotic extroverts.
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inhibitory processes EYSENCK
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the processes that act to dampen or retard the activation of the excitatory cortical cells, it hinders nervous system arousal.
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Introvert EYSENCK
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a personality type characterized by a hesitant, reflective, retiring nature. there is withdrawal from social and physical stimulation.
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Limbic system EYSENCK
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the visceral brain which relates emotional feelings and expressions and influences the autonomic nervous system
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melancholic temperament EYSENCK
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(Galen) personality said to be sad/depressed/anxious, thought to be caused by excess black bile.
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neuroticism EYSENCK
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a maladaptive personality pattern typified by negative emotionality. the condition includes traits of anxiety/depression/low self esteem/guilt.
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Postulate of individual differences EYSENCK
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human beings differ with respect to the speed with which excitation and inhibition occur
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Psychathenia EYSENCK
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disorder characterized by a lack of energy and low-level depression.
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psychoticism EYSENCK
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maladaptive personality pattern characterized by traits of aggression/hostility/impulsiveness etc. it is related to nonconformity or social deviance.
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psychoticism- criminality hypothesis EYSENCK
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the extreme extrovert is prone to hysterical disorders and to psychopathy/criminal behavior.
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Reactive inhibition EYSENCK
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(Hull) Neural fatigue that develops when responses are repeated.
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Stimulus hungry EYSENCK
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weak cortical arousal causes the extrovert to seek social/physical stimulation
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stimulus shy EYSENCK
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strong cortical arousal causes the introvert to avoid social and physical stimulation.
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The Big 5 EYSENCK
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model of personality is derived from factor analysis of terms used to describe personality. 1) neuroticism 2) extroversion 3) openness
4) conscientiousness 5) agreeableness. |
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Typological postulate EYSENCK
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Patterns of introversion and extroversion as well as predisposition's to types of psych symptoms based on differences in excitatory potential and reactive inhibition.
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Altruism WILSON
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Behavior proclivities that benefit others often at some cost to oneself. Altruistic behavior, in evolutionary theory, may or may not involve conscious altruistic intent.
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Artificial selection WILSON
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the process of selecting/breeding organisms with desired characteristics
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cheater detection module WILSON
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a mental module that detects cheaters, those who benefit but do not contribute in the process of reciprocal altruism.
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Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA) WILSON
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the past environment, considered millions of years in duration, during which current human behaviors were selected. During this period human ancestors were hunters/gatherers.
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Evolutionary biology WILSON
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A field that examines finding in biology through the lens of evolutionary theories.
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Evolutionary medicine WILSON
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field hat considers diseases and their treatments from the POV of their evolutionary adaptive significance.
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Evolutionary psychology WILSON
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the approach to understanding human psych-including all its basic areas such as learning/cognition/perception/personality/psychopatholgy- from a POV of evolutionary theory.
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Exaptation WILSON
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a characteristic that evolved to serve a certain function, but once existing was found to have other useful functions. ex: feathers were for warmth, ended up being useful for flight.
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Faculative adaptation WILSON
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trait that is an adaptation to a specific environment. ex. calluses develop from using certain tools to protect your hands.
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fixed action patterns WILSON
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Konrad Lorenz's concept of sequences of movements programmed in the brain by heredity, which unfold through the life of an animal in response to particular signals in the environment.
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Human sociobiology WILSON
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The application of the principles of sociobiology to all aspects of humans and their behavior. this term indicates the connectedness of human behavior with that of all organisms.
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incest taboo WILSON
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the prohibition against sex with close relative. there is also a biological basis for this taboo, which is also embedded in law and culture.
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Inclusive fitness WILSON
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Concept that an organisms fitness is determined not only by its ability to leave descendants, but also by its contribution to the overall fitness of organisms of the same species around it.
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Kin selection WILSON
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William Hamilton's concept that an organism may be selected because it enhances the viability of related organisms, kin, with some identical gene
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leash principle WILSON
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concept that human behavior and cultures cannot stray too far from biologically based determinants.
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modularity of mind WILSON
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mind consists of central processing unit, one of many modules, that each perform a specific task
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ontogeny WILSON
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the development of an individual organism, often applied to embryological levels of development.
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panglossism WILSON
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the false notion that there must be an adaptive reason for every trait
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Phylogeny WILSON
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the evolutionary history of an organism
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reciprocal (soft-core) altruism WILSON
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Robert Trivers's concept of altruism involving giving/receiving help from others. he theorized that individuals demonstrating such behavior are selected in the process of natural selection.
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selfish gene theory WILSON
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gene-focused theory proposed by Dawkins: the idea that the organism is a means of perpetuating the survival of genes.
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sociobiology WILSON
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Wilson's unifying concept of viewing organisms and their behaviors through the lens of evolutionary theories.
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B-values (being-values/meta-needs) MASLOW
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Growth needs that deal with the quality and nature of being. they includes striving for goodness toward others, seeking truth and justice, yearning for knowledge, and trying to create beauty and order.
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Conversational probing MASLOW
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Qualitative research method Maslow developed that involves establishing rapport with a subject and engaging in an intensive interviewing process.
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Deficiency needs MASLOW
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the physiological drives: safety needs, love and belongingness needs, and the esteem needs are comprised in this part of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Desarcalizing MASLOW
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the denial of the sublime aspects of people and the universe. lends to a cynical tendency.
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Dominance-feeding MASLOW
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a sense of oneself that involves good self confidence.
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Hierarchy of needs MASLOW
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a scale in which the deficiency needs are prepotent to needs lying above them. Begins with basic needs (survival/safety/self esteem) and steers toward a search for beauty/knowledge/justice/truth.
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Humanistic psychology MASLOW
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an approach that emphasizes the dignity and worth of a person. Presumes the ind advances creatively into growth/psychological health.
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Peak experiences MASLOW
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intense experiences in which an ind exists momentarily in a state of awe.
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self-actualization MASLOW
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exemplary personal integration, full dev of ones abilities and potentialities.
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Third Force MASLOW
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refers to the humanistic approach, as opposed to psychoanalytic often referred to as the first force. behaviorism is the second force.
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Transiency MASLOW
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Indicate that peak experiences are not usually sustained for long periods of time.
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Transpersonal Psych MASLOW
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an approach to psych that studies spirituality/higher states of consciousness/ and ego transcendence. known as the fourth force.
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Client-centered therapy ROGERS
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an approach to counseling that potentiates the clients own ability to solve their problems. therapist provides: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and a genuine relatinship.
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Conditions of worth ROGERS
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conditions applied to a person to determine whether they receive approval or not. parents may being give or withhold approval depending on the inds behavior.
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fully functioning person ROGERS
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a person who is engaged in self-realization/self-actualization.
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Non-directive therapy ROGERS
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an approach to counseling that relies on the individuals recourses. the therapist uses techniques empathically to facilitate self-insight and clarification of feelings and refrains from unnecessary directness or advice.
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Phenomenal world ROGERS
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The private world of experience/personal meaning, the inds subjective reality.
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positive self regard ROGERS
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the process of viewing oneself positively. a person with high self regard is open to the warmth and respect of others.
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Q-sort ROGERS
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technique to measure a persons self-concept. ex. to asses the discrepancy between and inds perceived self and actual self.
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Real self ROGERS
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a persons actual core of experience
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Self-congruence ROGERS
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absence of any discrepancy between an individual's experiences and his or her self-concept
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self -incongruence ROGERS
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discrepancy between a person's experiences and his or her self-concept
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self-regard ROGERS
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personal estimation of self worth that a person has for themselves.
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Self-structure ROGERS
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parental conditions of worth (praise or blame) become internalized. they form the basis of a persons self structure.
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subception ROGERS
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the process of keeping an experience inconsistent with one's self-structure outside of awareness.
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unconditional positive regard ROGERS
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a relationship involving prizing or valuing another person without reservations or conditions of worth.
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Who are the 3 key trait theorists?
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Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck
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What kind of theory was Allport?
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Humanistic trait and self theory
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Personalistic Psych ALLPORT
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every mental function is embedded in personal life. motives cannot be studied apart from their personal settings; they represent the striving of a total organism towards its objective.
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How shall a a psychological life be written? How can one detect unifying threads in a life, if they exist?
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Gordon Allport
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Personality traits are (ALLPORT)
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consistent patterns in the way individuals think/behave/feel.
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What are the aims of trait theory?
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descriptive, predictive, explanatory.
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what is the difference between traits and states?
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traits are consistent, state is temporary (ex. anger is not a trait)
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why did Allport disagree with psychoanalysis?
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he felt it focuses too much on the negative and neurotics of humans and thought it to be too animalistic (a slave to our impulses)
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How many words did Allport discover that described traits?
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4000
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What are the 3 subcatagories of Allports trait descriptors?
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Cardinal/Central/Secondary
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Allport recognized the importance of traits but also the importance of ________?
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situation
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Who narrowed Allports 4000 trait descriptors to 171?
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Raymond Cattell
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How did Cattell narrow down Allports trait descriptors to 171?
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Factor analysis, he looked for a common thread among all the characteristics.
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What is Cattell's personality structure?
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surface traits, source traits, ability traits, temperament traits, dynamic traits.
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Surface traits CATTELL
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observable via behavior
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Source traits CATTELL
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underlying trait clusters, cause of surface traits
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Ability traits CATTELL
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skills and abilities, functional
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temperament traits CATTELL
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emotional, relating to particular styles of behavior
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dynamic traits CATTELL
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related to motivation and striving in a person
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How did Cattell source his data?
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through life history data (l-data) *school performance, questionnaire data (q-data) *self report and through objective test data (OT-data) *observation in mini situations
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Who are the 3 main existential personality theorists?
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Irvin Yalom, Victor Frankl, Rollo May
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What are May's stages of development?
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Innocence, rebellion, ordinary, creative.
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What are the ways of "being in the world" MAY
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umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt, (uberwelt).
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Who believes that the prime motive of human behavaior is the will-to-meaning?
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Victor Frankl
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Will-to-meaning FRANKL
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In order to find a meaning in our troubled existence we need to discover meaning through values and we have a moral duty to do so.
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Logotherapy
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developed by Frankl to help people find meaning in their lives. Views psychological problems as symptomatic of the person having lost meaning in their life.
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What are the three main techniques of logotherapy? FRANKL
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Dereflection, paradoxical intention, and socratic dialogue.
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Dereflection FRANKL
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used when a client is overly self-absorbed on an issue or attainment of goal. By redirecting attention, or dereflecting the attention away from the self, the client can fully become whole by thinking about others rather than themselves.
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Paradoxical intention FRANKL
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asking for things we fear the most. by using humor and ridicule they can wish for the things they fear the most and relieve the anxious symptoms associated with it.
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Socratic dialogue FRANKL
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Uses the clients own words as a method of self-discovery. this allows the client to see new meaning in them.
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Irvin Yalom was a _________ theorist.
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dynamic existential
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What are Yalom's "4 givens of existence"
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1) inevitability of death 2) freedom to choose 3) our ultimate aloneness 4) absence of any obvious meaning or sense to life.
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Existential isolation YALOM
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the unbridgeable gap between self and others, a gap that exists even in the presence of deeply gratifying interpersonal relationship.
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What theory do Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers specialize in?
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Humanistic Self-actualization theory
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How does Rogers view the therapists role?
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as a facilitator of change.
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Non-directive ROGERS
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The ind has within himself vast recourses or self-understanding, altering his self-concept, his attitudes, and his self-directed behavior.
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What are the core aspects of the client-therapist relationship, according to Rogers?
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congruence- genuiness, accurate empathy, unconditional positive regard.
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What kind of theory did Albert Bandura specialize in?
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Social cognitive theory
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Who was responsible for the "Bobo doll" experiement?
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Albert Bandura, model learning
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How did Albert Bandura feel about trait theory/behaviorism?
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That they were both too simplistic. His theories go beyond classical behaviorism (conditioning)
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Which two psychologists influenced Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?
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Miller and Dollard originally created the 'social learning theory', a process of imitation and observation to lend to learning. Was not consequence driven.
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What is the social cognitive view of personality? BANDURA
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The personality is a system, there are many complex parts moving together and interacting. Pervin (2010) compares the complex system to how the brain works.
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Modeling/imitation BANDURA
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We learn by imitation and observation; others serve as models and these shape our behaviors.
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What makes modeling effective? BANDURA
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Similarities between self and model (identification), figures of authority, people we admire/respect.
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Self-efficacy BANDURA
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our belief in our ability to succeed in specific situations, personal competence.
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What influences self-efficacy? BANDURA
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past performance, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion/praise, physiological cues.
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What other type of therapy has been greatly influenced by Social Cognitive Theory?
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
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Who is the theorist who specialized in biologically based typology?
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Hans Eysenck
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What was Eysenck's theory of personality based on?
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Factor analysis. He had fewer traits then Cattell and also used a different factor analysis (PEN theory.)
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What is the PEN theory? EYSENCK
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Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism.
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Low ARAS resting activity leads to _______. EYSENCK
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extraversion, less sensitive
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High ARAS resting activity leads to _______. EYSENCK
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introversion, more sensitive.
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Arousal theory: extraversion/introversion EYSENCK
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-extraverts are easily bored (under-aroused) so they need to seek out more environmental stimulation.
-introverts are constantly over-aroused by outside stimuli, therefore they seek out peace and quiet. |
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Arousal theory: neurotics/emotionally stable EYSENCK
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-Neurotics have a low arousal thresholds (it does not take a lot to stress them out (arousal related to the sympathetic nervous system aka fight or flight response)
-emotionally stable people have high arousal thresholds. |
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Arousal theory: psychoticism EYSENCK
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-related to testosterone levels
-associated with aggression and criminality |
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How did Eysenck study the biological basis of personality?
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Through twin studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. He concluded that about 30% of personality is inherited/genetic.
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What does "the big 5" or "OCEAN" stand for? ROBERT MCCRAY AND PAUL COSTA
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Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
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McCrae and Costa on stability of traits
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-Traits can change up until about 30-years of age, fixed at that point.
-Stability is apparent across the 5 major traits. |
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Type A Personality MCCRAE AND COSTA
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uptight, driven, highly strung
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Type B Personality MCCRAE AND COSTA
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easygoing, lower stress levels.
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Type C Personality MCCRAE AND COSTA
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Introverted, compliant, eager to please
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Type D personality MCCRAE AND COSTA
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neurotic and hostility type combination
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Behavioral Epigenetic's WILSON
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the study of chemical reactions and the factors that influence them. Meet the epigenome and learn how it influences DNA then change the level of gene expression in a cell with the turn of a dial.
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Common traits ALLPORT
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Generalized dispositions or shared traits such as the capacity for aggressiveness.
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Nomothetic
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an approach to psych that seeks to establish general laws of human functioning. Most psych research is nomothetic.
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Mature//healthy personality ALLPORT
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-A person who focuses on longterm goals over momentary needs//goals.
-has a sense of self extension, self- objectification, and a unifying philosophy of life. |
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Dynamic organization ALLPORT
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Type of organization that characterizes personality. It is viewed as an organized whole that is constantly changing.
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Idiographic
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An approach in psychology that is concerned with identifying unique combinations of traits//other characteristics that best account for the personality of specific individuals. Consists of in-depth analysis, usually for clinical or evaluative purposes.
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Heuristic realism ALLPORT
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The useful working assumption that traits really exist even though the theorist realizes this literally may not be true.
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Self-image ALLPORT
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The reflected appraisals of others that have become internalized. Indicates appraisal of ones own virtues//weaknesses.
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Self-identity ALLPORT
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Aspect of proprium that represents self-continuity. The regularity, solidarity, and the sameness of existence are apparent.
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Self-extension ALLPORT
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Extension of ones self. A person may extend their sense of self onto their possessions/family/friends/home/country.
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Cardinal Tratis
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Traits that are pervasive. Only few individuals have them. (Oprah)
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Self-Objectification ALLPORT
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Ability to perceive//measure realistically ones abilities and shortcomings.
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Zeigarnik effect
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The tendency of people to be motivated to complete an unfinished task. This type of behavior is functionally autonomous of its original motive.
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Self-esteem ALLPORT
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Feelings about ones worthiness in the eyes of others and in ones own eyes. Based on a sense of competence or lack there-of.
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Proprium ALLPORT
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Term for "the self". It consists of self / self- identification/ self-esteem / extended-self/ self-image/ self-as-rational-coper/self-as-proprietor/self-as-knower
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Central traits
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Traits that best describe someones personality (recommendation letter)
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Functional Autonomy ALLPORT
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A process by which a behavior that was once set in motion by a basic motive comes to operate even when the original motive is no longer present.
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Preservative Functional Autonomy ALLPORT
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A behavior that becomes preservative or self repeating because it develops new motivational roots in some biological or neurological process.
(can't quit smoking because you're addicted to nicotine) |
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Personal disposition ALLPORT
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Unique traits of an individual not shared with any one else.
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Propriate striving ALLPORT
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Striving for the attainment of personally meaningful goals
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Propriate functional autonomy
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A behavior that continues because it develops new motivational roots that express the individuals desired goals. (Your parents force you to play violin, eventually you play the violin because you love it.)
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Personality trait ALLPORT
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-A continuing disposition to respond to ones environment in a meaningfully consistent way.
-Consists of neuropsyhiqc that render stimuli functionally equivalent and lead to forms of adaptive and expressive behavior. |
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Personality ALLPORT
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The dynamic organization within the individuals. These psychophysical systems determine the individuals characteristic behavior and thought.
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Self-as-rational-coper ALLPORT
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-The aspect of self that solves problems rationally and efficiently.
-Knowledge that one is able to initiate strategies to attain present and future goals. |
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Self-as-knower ALLPORT
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-The final aspect of the proprium that surpasses and transcends and unifies the other 7 parts of the self through its awareness of the parts of the proprium.
-It is that sense of self that is aware of being and existing. |
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Secondary Traits
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Characteristics that are peripheral to an individuals personality. (their music taste, personal clothing style, taste in food, etc.)
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Personalistic Psychology ALLPORT
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An approach to psychology that looks at every psychological process in terms of its occurrence within the specific individual. (ex: Jills cognitions of Jack's perceptual field.)
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Bodily Self ALLPORT
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The sense of self based on ones physical senses//bodily reactions.
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