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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality |
The combination of qualities that form an individuals distinctive character
or an organized set of characteristics possesed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations |
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Psychological construct |
highly complex abstraction that encompasses a variety of components or dimenssions |
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Three methods of empirical testing |
experimental method correlational techniques case studies |
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experimental methods |
studying cause-and-effect relationships between variables |
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correlational method |
general procedure for establishing an association or relationship between events |
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correlational coefficient |
numerical index of the size and direction of an association between two variables |
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case study |
technique involving the intensive study of a single person in order to understand his or her unique personality behavior
impossible to generalize
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post hoc explanation |
explanation of a phenomenon given after its occurence
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Criteria : comprehensiveness |
therioes are judged as more adequate and useful if they encompass and account for a wide range and variety of phenomena
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Criteria : precision and testability |
adequate theories should contain constructs and relational statements that are clearly and explicitly stated and measured |
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Criteria : parsimony |
theories should be as ecinomical as possible, while still accounting for the phenomena in their domain
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criteria : empirical validity |
the hypotheses of theories are tested by the collection of data to determine whether or not they are accurate
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Criteria : Heuristic value |
Adequate theories should be challenging, and should stimulate new ideas and new research
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Criteria: applied value |
theories are capable of people in society solutions to problem that are of interest and concern
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catharsis |
What Frued called the physical expression of emotion
reliving earlier traumatic experiences emotionally to reduce distubing physical symptoms |
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Frueds Suduction Theory |
the view that patients reported that they had literally seducted by a parent of the other sex during early childhood. later revised that atients has fantasized that they had experienced sexual abuse via suduction by a parent of the other sex |
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Frueds three parts of our mental life |
conscious - a state of mind characterized by awareness
pre-conscious - state of mind in which the person is currently unaware of some idea, memory, or event which can, however be made conscious by some effort
unconcious - the depository of hidden wishes, needs and conflicts of which the person is unaware |
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Frueds instincts: the driving forces in personality |
eros - all instincts inherent in us that seek to maintain life
libido - the basic energy source contained in the id that propels behavior. considered to consist of sexual impulses
thanatos - the instics aimed a reterning to an inorganic state (death) |
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Id |
resivior of unconscious forces urges that blindly seek gradification |
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Ego
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agency postulated by freud to help the individual satisfy basic urges in ways deemed appropriate by society |
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Super ego |
agency postulated by Frued to represent the individuals incorporation of the moral standards of society and the ways in which these internalized standards control over his or her behaviors via reward and punishment |
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regression |
reverting to infantile behavior |
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repression
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basic defense mechanism by which unpleasent, highly painful experiences situated in the unconscious are perverted from entering concousness |
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anticathexes
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restraining forces within the personality that are designed to keep unwanted impulses from reaching consciousness or awareness |
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suppression
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defence mechanism - actively deciding not to think about something |
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denial |
primitive defence mechanism - refusing existence |
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displacement |
shifting impulses from original object to substitute object |
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sublimation |
form of displacement in which a socially acceptable foal replaces that is unacceptable |
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projection |
defence mechanism in which a person attributes his or her own undesirable characteristics to others |
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reaction formation |
impules or behavior is reverted to its opposite |
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rationalization
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individual provides plausible but inaccurate justifications for their behavior |
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intellectualization |
individuals protect themselves against pain by isolating their thoughts about painful events from their feelings about them |
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undoing
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person protects themself by making amends for a socially unacceptable act by preforming a related socially acceptable act that nullifies the misdeed |
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compromise formation |
use of contradictory behaviors to attain some satisfaction for an unacceptable impulse |
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psychosexual development |
theory devised by frued tto account for psychological and personality development in terms of individuals attempts to grips with key biological impulses |
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fixation |
attachment to earlier stage in development |
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Oral stage |
stage when gradifications center around the mouth |
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anal stage |
second pregential stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratification centers around the anal cavity |
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phallic stage |
gradification is derived from the manipulation of genitals |
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oedipal complex |
child sexual wants opposite gender parent, resolves by attaching to same gender parent |
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latency stage |
focus on development of interest and skills through contact with peers |
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genital stage |
final stage - find love relationship |
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Oral receptive character |
fixated on oral stage - overinulgence during feeding
gulible, admiration of others, excessive dependence |
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oral aggressive behavior
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underindulgence when feeding
manipulation of others, envy,suspiciousness |
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anal eroticism
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feelings of sexual pleasure that have their source in the person's control over expulsion and retention of feces |
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anal character |
an individual fixated at the anal stage, who derives pleasure from his/her control over retention of feces. As an adult, this person is characterized by stinginess, orderliness, stuborness, and the hoarding of posessions |
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phallic character |
proves sexuality or sexual adequacy |
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genital character |
mature individual |
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free association |
report without restiction all thoughts |
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parapraxis |
malfunction in language, such as slip of tounge, forgetting words, misshearing, misreading |
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dream analysis |
used to probe the unconcious through interpretations of the patients dreams |
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transference |
phenomenon to account for patients development of positive and negative feelings towards a therapist during treatment - feelings usually directed to wards another person |
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ambivalence |
mixed feelings of one person toward another, characterized by alternation between love and hate |
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analytical psychology |
jungs unique brand of psychology which emphasizes the complex interplay between oppositional forces within the psyche and the ways in which these internal conflicts affect personality development |
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anima |
jung the feminine archetype in men. warmth and understanding, moodiness and irritability |
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animus |
jung
masculine archetype in female. ability to reason, irrationability |
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achetypes |
jung
universal theme or symbols that can be activated by forces in the psyche |
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collective unconscious |
jung
the dipository of instincts and archetypes that go beyond personal experience. these transpersonal experiences are the residue of human evolutionary development and can be activated under the proper coditions
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complex |
JUNG
collection of thoughts united by common feeling
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dominant characteristics |
JUNG
developed, diferentiated and conscious part of the psyche
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ego |
jung
force in the personality responsible for feelings of identity and continuity
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extraversion |
jung
one of two basic attitudes
outgoing and relatively confident
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extraverted feeling tyoe |
jung
characterized positively by acceptance of standards of society and negetively by a change in emotions from situation to situation |
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extraverted sensing type |
characterized positively by an appretiation of the arts and negatively by crude pleasure seeking
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inferior characteristics |
jung
underdevloped undifferentiated and unconcious parts of the psyche |
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introversion |
one of two basic attitudes postulated by jung
characterized by retiring and reflective approach to life
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lintroverted feeling type |
experienced misfortune and shhyness |
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introverted intuitive type |
ability to envision the future inability to communicate well with others |
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introverted sensing type |
jung
intensity of subjective situations over sesitivity |
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introverted thinking type |
jung
ability to think originally and boldly |
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irrational functions |
jung
modes of apprehending the world without evaluating it
sensation and intuition were irrational functions
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life process energy |
all of the urges that are derived from conflict between forces of psyche
jung
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mandala |
symbolic representation of the self or of the world
jung |
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mothod of amplification |
theraputic thechnique in which the patient and analyst continue to reassess and reinterpret the same symbols in an attempt to broaden their understanding of them |
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myers-briggs type indicator |
paper and pencil test measure various psychological traits |
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persona |
Jung
archetype consisting of the role human beings play in order to meet the demands of others |
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personal unconcious |
in jungs theory region that holds all blocked personal experiences |
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principle of entropy |
in jungian theory the idea that energy is automatically redistributed in the psycho in order to acheive balance |
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psyche |
jung
represents all og the interacting systems within human personality that are needed to account for the mental life and behavior of the person |
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rational functions
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modes of making judgements or evaluations of events in the world |
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self |
in jung theory and achetype leads people to seach for ways of maximizing the development of their potential |
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self-realization |
process that involves the healthy development of peoples capabilities, enabling them to fufill their own unique natures |
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shadow |
jung
the inferior, evil, and repulsives side of human nature |
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symbol |
in jung
a representation of a psychic fact |
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theory of psychological types |
jung theory
people can be classified into eight types
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trancendent function |
the process by which a conflict is resolved by brining opposing forces into balance with each other through understanding |
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word association test |
theraputic thechnique in which patients are presented with stimulus words and asked to respond to them |
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attitude |
adler
learned tendency to respond to an object in a consistently favorable way |
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avoiding types |
adler
an unhealthy person who lacks the confidence to confront problems and avoids or ignores them |
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birth-order effect |
adler belief that how each child is treated by parents depends on the childs order of birth
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confluenece theory |
adler theory that each child influeneces the others |
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creative self |
adler |
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fictional finalism |
adler |
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getting type |
adler |
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individual psychology |
adler theory that seeks to understand the behavior of each person |
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masculine protest |
attempt by an individual to understand the behaviors of another person as a complex organized entity |
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organ inferiority |
biologically based defect that gives rise of feelings of inadequacy |
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overcompensation |
exaggerated attempts by an individual to overcome their feelings of inferiority by acting as though they were personally superior than others |
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ruling type |
an unhealthy person who strives for personal superiority by trying to exploit and control others |
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social interest |
innate tendency in humans to cooportate with one another as a means of establishing a harmonious and productive society |
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socially useful type |
a healthy person who actively and couragiously confronts and solves their problems with accordence of social interest |
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masculine protest |
attempt by an individual to understand the behaviors of another person as a complex organized entity |
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organ inferiority |
biologically based defect that gives rise of feelings of inadequacy |
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overcompensation |
exaggerated attempts by an individual to overcome their feelings of inferiority by acting as though they were personally superior than others |
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ruling type |
an unhealthy person who strives for personal superiority by trying to exploit and control others |
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social interest |
innate tendency in humans to cooportate with one another as a means of establishing a harmonious and productive society |
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socially useful type |
a healthy person who actively and couragiously confronts and solves their problems with accordence of social interest |
