The Respiratory System Workbook Ohb

Front 1

What is the function of the larynx?

Back 1

Routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech.

Front 2

What is another name for the "voice box"?

Back 2

larynx

Front 3

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Back 3

Protects superior opening of the larynx

Front 4

What is another name for the epiglottis?

Back 4

"Guardian of airways"

Front 5

What is the function of the vocal cords?

Back 5

Vibrates when air is expelled. Allows us to speak.

Front 6

What is the function of the cilia?

Back 6

Create a gentle current that moves the sheet of contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat (pharynx) where it is swallowed and digested by stomach juices.

Front 7

What is a pneumothorax?

Back 7

Presence of air in the intrapleural space, which disrupts the fluid bond between the pleurae

Front 8

tidal volume

Back 8

Normal quiet breathing moves approximately 500 ml of air (about a pint) into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Front 9

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 9

The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume.

Front 10

IRV

Back 10

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 11

expiratory reserve volume

Back 11

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration.

Front 12

ERV

Back 12

expiratory reserve volume

Front 13

residual volume

Back 13

The air that remains in the lungs (about 1200ml); can not be voluntarily expelled.

Front 14

vital capacity

Back 14

Total amount of exchangeable air.

[ TV + IRV + ERV ]

Front 15

VC

Back 15

vital capacity

Front 16

What is the vital capacity for a healthy, young woman? A healthy, young man?

Back 16

-3100ml

-4800ml

Front 17

What does oxygen attach to when traveling in the blood?

Back 17

Most forms oxyhemoglobin by attaching to hemoglobin molecules inside RBCs

(A very small amount is carried dissolved in plasma.)

Front 18

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Back 18

In plasma as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
About 20-30% is carried inside RBCs attached to hemoglobin at a different site than oxygen. (Doesn't interfere with oxygen transport.)

Front 19

During internal respiration, what is getting unloaded into the tissue cells?

Back 19

oxygen

Front 20

During internal respiration, what is getting loaded into the blood?

Back 20

carbon dioxide

Front 21

What is hypoxia?

Back 21

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues

Front 22

What are some possible causes of hypoxia?

Back 22

anemia, pulmonary disease, impaired or blocked blood circulation

Front 23

What is the normal rate of respirations from newborn to adult?

Back 23

adult - 12-15 respirations/minute

Front 24

Where is the respiratory rate regulated?

Back 24

Mainly in the medulla and pons

Front 25

What causes acidosis in the blood?

Back 25

The blood's ability to buffer is overwhelmed because of a carbonic acid increase due to hypoventilation.

Front 26

Why does breathing into a paper bag help someone who is hyperventilating?

Back 26

Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than atmospheric air, it upsets the normal diffusion gradient that causes carbon dioxide to be unloaded from the blood and leave the body. As a result carbon dioxide (and thus carbonic acid) levels begin to rise in the blood, ending alkalosis.

Front 27

What is the function of surfactant?

Back 27

Lowers surface tension of the film of water lining each alveolar sac so that the alveoli do not collapse between each breath.

Front 28

Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the __________.

Back 28

pressure

Front 29

The gas exchanges occur by simple ___________ through the respiratory membrane.

Back 29

diffusion

Front 30

TLC

Back 30

total lung capacity

Front 31

total lung capacity

Back 31

volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration

Front 32

What is the most important stimulus for breathing in a healthy person?

Back 32

decrease in gas pressure in the lungs which produces a partial vacuum

Front 33

eupnea

Back 33

normal respiratory rate

Front 34

eupnea for adults is ___-___ respirations/minute

Back 34

12, 15

Front 35

In the fetus, the lungs are filled with fluid, and all respiratory exchanges are made by the __________.

Back 35

placenta

Front 36

At birth, the fluid-filled pathway is drained, and the respiratory passageways fill with ____.

Back 36

air

Front 37

The alveoli inflate and begin to function in gas exchange, but the lungs are not fully inflated for ___ weeks.

Back 37

2

Front 38

surfactant

Back 38

a fatty molecule made by the cuboidal alveolar sac so that alveoli do not collapse between each breath

Front 39

Surfactant is not usually present in large enough amounts to accomplish this function until late in pregnancy, that is, between ___ and ___ weeks.

Back 39

28, 30

Front 40

Changes in the respiratory system during pregnancy increase the volume of air and gas exchange with each breath enhancing oxygen availability to and carbon dioxide removal from the ________.

Back 40

fetus

Front 41

These changes are mediated by __________ and ___________ changes as well as by the enlarging uterus.

Back 41

hormonal, biochemical

Front 42

As the muscles and cartilage in the thoracic region relax, the chest ________ and tidal volume is improved with a conversion from abdominal to thoracic breathing.

Back 42

broadens

Front 43

Both biochemical and mechanical factors interact to increase the delivery of _________ and removal of ________ _________.

Back 43

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Front 44

The gradual enlargement of the uterus leads to changes in abdominal size and shape, shifting the resting position of the diaphragm up to 4 cm above its usual position to accommodate the growing _______.

Back 44

uterus

Front 45

Diaphragmatic movement actually _________ about 2 cm during pregnancy, with the major work of breathing being accomplished by the diaphragm rather than by the costal muscles.

Back 45

increases

Front 46

The most important influences on respiratory system in pregnancy are mediated by ____________ in estradiol and ___________.

Back 46

progesterone, prostaglandins

Front 47

PGs

Back 47

prostaglandins

Front 48

____________ is a respiratory stimulant.

Back 48

progesterone

Front 49

The increase in sensitivity to ______ is most likely contributed to the sensation of dyspnea that is experienced by many pregnant women and may also lead to some of the hyperventilation that occurs during the second stage of labor after pushing efforts.

Back 49

CO2

Front 50

Progesterone may also play a role in decreasing airway resistance up to ____%, thereby reducing the work of breathing and facilitating a greater ________ in pregnancy.

Back 50

50, airflow

Front 51

Changes in lung volumes begin in the middle of the ____________ trimester and are progressive to term.

Back 51

second

Front 52

Changes in lung volumes result from the elevation of the __________ and the change in the configuration of the chest.

Back 52

diaphragm

Front 53

At how many weeks are the fetal lungs able to support extrauterine life (with medical help)?

Back 53

24, 26

Front 54

At how many weeks are the fetal lungs fully mature for breathing air without help?

Back 54

36