The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 9, Part 1)

Front 1

efferent neurons

Back 1

neurons that send action potentials from the CNS to the effector organs

Front 2

afferent neurons

Back 2

neurons that send action potentials from the receptors to the CNS

Front 3

The efferent division of the PNS can be split into what two systems?

Back 3

The SMNS (somatic motor nervous system) and the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Front 4

Note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to effectors

Back 4

the SMNS controls skeletal muscles while the ANS controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

Front 5

note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to voluntary control

Back 5

the SMNS controls voluntary motions while the ANS is involuntary (it can be affected by conscious thought, but not controlled by it)

Front 6

note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to neuron arrangement

Back 6

the SMNS sends signals to the effectors by means of a single neuron whose cell body is housed in the CNS but extends to the effector from the spinal cord. The ANS sends signals to the effectors by means of two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron

Front 7

preganglionic neuron

Back 7

a neuron from the ANS whose cell body is housed in either the spinal cord of the brainstem

Front 8

postganglionic neuron

Back 8

a neuron from the ANS whose cell body is housed in the autonomic ganglion, and whose axon extends to the effector which it controls

Front 9

autonomic ganglion

Back 9

a ganglion of the ANS which houses the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Front 10

note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to myelination

Back 10

in the SMNS, the neurons' axons are myelinated. In the ANS, the preganglionic neurons' axons are myelinated, but the postganglionic neurons' axons are not

Front 11

note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to neurotransmitters

Back 11

The SMNS uses acetylcholine alone. The ANS uses acetylcholine for the preganglionic neurons, but norpinephrine for the postganglionic neurons.

Front 12

note the difference between the SMNS and the ANS with regards to the response from the effectors

Back 12

the SMNS is an excitatory system. The ANS can be either an excitatory or an inhibitory system.

Front 13

acetylcholine

Back 13

the neurotransmitter used by the SMNS and the preganglionic neurons of the ANS

Front 14

norepinephrine

Back 14

the neurotransmitter used by the postganglionic neurons of the ANS

Front 15

Sympathetic division

Back 15

division of the ANS that generally prepares the body for physical activity

Front 16

parasympathetic division

Back 16

division of the ANS that regulates resting and nutrition-related functions such as digestion, defecation, and urination

Front 17

note the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions concerning neuron length

Back 17

in the sympathetic division, the preganglionic neuron is short, while the postganglionic neuron is long

Front 18

note the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions concerning preganglionic neuron cell body housing

Back 18

in the sympathetic division, the cell bodies are housed in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, while in the parasympathetic division, the cell bodies are housed in the brainstem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord

Front 19

note the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions concerning neuron location

Back 19

in the sympathetic division, nerves can be found all over the body, while in the parasympathetic division, nerves are only found in the head and trunk

Front 20

explain ANS control of the heart

Back 20

S increases heart rate, P decreases heart rate

Front 21

explain ANS control of the bronchial tubes

Back 21

S causes the tubes to increase in diameter, P causes them to decrease in diameter

Front 22

explain ANS control of the digestive system

Back 22

S slows the activity while P increases the activity

Front 23

explain ANS control of the salivary glands

Back 23

P causes more saliva to be secreted, while S causes less to be secreted

Front 24

explain ANS control of vision

Back 24

S dilates the pupil, P contracts the pupil

Front 25

explain ANS control of urination

Back 25

P contracts the bladder, S relaxes the bladder so it can fill

Front 26

explain ANS control of the lacrimal glands

Back 26

P produces tears

Front 27

explain ANS control of the liver

Back 27

S stimulates the liver to increase the amount of glucose in the blood, giving quick energy to the body

Front 28

explain ANS control of the skin

Back 28

S constricts the skin and causes the arrector pili muscles to contract

Front 29

explain ANS control of the adrenal glands

Back 29

S causes the adrenal glands in the kidneys to produce and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 30

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 30

hormones. Epinephrine causes the liver to secrete glucose and dilates the blood vessels in the skeletal muscles. They both cause the heart rate to increase.

Front 31

fight or flight response

Back 31

the response to fear marked by increased hearted rate, glucose in the blood, and activated adrenal glands

Front 32

* sensory receptor

Back 32

an organ which responds to a specific type of stimulus by ultimately triggering an action potential on a sensory neuron

Front 33

* somatic receptors

Back 33

sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons

Front 34

* receptors

Back 34

sensory receptors in the internal organs

Front 35

* special receptors

Back 35

sensory receptors in special locations

Front 36

* mechanoreceptors

Back 36

sensory receptors which respond to movement

Front 37

* theromreceptors

Back 37

sensory receptors which respond to heat or cold

Front 38

* photoreceptors

Back 38

sensory receptors which respond to light

Front 39

* chemoreceptors

Back 39

sensory receptors which respond to chemicals

Front 40

* nociceptors

Back 40

sensory receptors which respond to pain or excess stimulation

Front 41

simple receptors

Back 41

small receptors often distributed widely throughout the body

Front 42

complex receptor

Back 42

a receptor that governs one of the five special senses

Front 43

what are the five special senses?

Back 43

taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision

Front 44

appropriate stimulus

Back 44

the type of stimulus which a sensory receptor is designed to sense

Front 45

projection

Back 45

this tells us where a receptor is sensing a stimulus

Front 46

modality

Back 46

this tells us what type of receptor is sensing a stimulus

Front 47

adaption

Back 47

a receptor adapts by sending less signals if a stimulus continues for a very long time

Front 48

general senses

Back 48

the senses located in the skin, muscle, or tendons

Front 49

* cutaneous receptors

Back 49

receptors in the skin

Front 50

* proprireceptors

Back 50

receptors in the muscles and tendons

Front 51

List the six cutaneous receptors listed in the book

Back 51

free nerve endings, hair follicle receptors, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's organs, Merkel's disks, and Meissner's corpuscles

Front 52

free nerve endings

Back 52

nerves rise the top of the skin and branch out. They sense hear, cold, movement, itch, and pain

Front 53

hair follicle receptors

Back 53

a receptor which is wrapped around the hair follicle

Front 54

Pacinian corpuscles

Back 54

tiny, onion-shaped receptors that respond to pressure and vibration deep below the dermis

Front 55

Ruffini's organs

Back 55

found deep in the dermis, they respond to both presure on the skin and stretching of the skin

Front 56

Merkel's disks

Back 56

light touch receptors found in the most superficial layers of the skin and shaped like tiny disks

Front 57

Meissner's corpuscles

Back 57

receptors found in the dermal papillae which are involved in two-point discrimination

Front 58

list the two proprireceptors listed in the book

Back 58

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Front 59

muscle spindles

Back 59

mechanoreceptors found within the skeletal muscles which respond to stretching

Front 60

golgi tendon organs

Back 60

receptors in tendons that respond to tension