The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 12)

Front 1

*Lymph tissue

Back 1

Groups of lymphocytes and other cells which support the lymphocytes

Front 2

*Lymph nodes

Back 2

Encapsulation masses of lymph tissue found along lymph vessels

Front 3

*Lymph

Back 3

Watery liquid formed from interstitial fluid and found in lymph vessels

Front 4

Lymph capillaries

Back 4

dead end' capillaries of the lymphatic system which collect interstitial fluid from body tissue

Front 5

What are the three basic functions of the lymph system?

Back 5

fluid balance, fat absorption, and immunological defense

Front 6

How is lymph able to flow through the lymphatic system?

Back 6

1) the contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes the lymph vessels, moving the lymph. 2) There are smooth muscles around the larger lymph vessels which squeeze the vessel. 3) pressure changes from breathing can also move lymph

Front 7

*Edema

Back 7

A buildup of excess fluid in the tissues, which can lead to swelling

Front 8

about what percentage of the interstitial fluid in tissue will become lymph?

Back 8

10%

Front 9

Subclavian veins

Back 9

the subclavian veins are located in the shoulders. When lymph has gone through the lymphatic system, it is emptied into the circulatory system by means of the subclavian veins

Front 10

Elephantiasis

Back 10

A tropical disease where the legs swell up to enormous size due to tropical parasites which block the flow of lymph

Front 11

lacteals

Back 11

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine

Front 12

chyle

Back 12

lymph which has large amounts of fat in it, thus turning it from clear to milky white

Front 13

*Immunological defense

Back 13

The process by which the body protects itself from pathogenic invaders such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and foreign substances

Front 14

*Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Back 14

Concentrations of lymphatic tissue with no clear boundaries

Front 15

*Lymph nodules

Back 15

Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, somewhat spherical structures

Front 16

Tonsils

Back 16

groups of lymph nodules under the mucous membrane in the throat or on the back of the tongue. They form a protective ring around the throat, strategically located to protect the body from foreign invaders

Front 17

Tonsillitis

Back 17

the condition in which the tonsils become infected and often become inflamed and abnormally enlarged

Front 18

Tonsillectomy

Back 18

the process by which the tonsils are removed from the body because of chronic tonsillitis

Front 19

Peyer's patches

Back 19

groups of lymphocytes in lymph nodules that are in the small intestine. They are typically found in the last third of the small intestines.

Front 20

Explain the anatomy of a lymph node

Back 20

Lymph nodes are surrounded by a capsule of dense connective tissue. Extensions of this capsule, called trabeculae, make up the 'skeleton' of the node. Reticular fibers extend from the trabeculae, forming a net of connective tissue throughout the lymph node. Typical lymph nodes have lymph nodules along their outer edges. These nodules contain germinal centers which can rapidly manufacture lymphocytes in the case of a foreign invasion. The lymph node is fed lymph through several afferent lymph vessels, which all reduce to one efferent lymph vessel which carries the lymph away from the lymph node

Front 21

Spleen

Back 21

an organ of the lyphatic system which filters the blood of foreign invaders, filters the blood worn-out erythrocytes, and holds oxygen-rich blood in case of blood loss

Front 22

Red pulp

Back 22

tissue inside the spleen which is made up of twisted vains and reticular fibers which are full of blood cells which were in the capillaries of the spleen

Front 23

White pulp

Back 23

tissue inside the spleen which surrounds the arteries which enter the spleen. Foreign invaders in the blood passing through the white pulp will stimulate a rsponse from the diffuse lymphatic tissue or the lymph nodules

Front 24

Splenectomy

Back 24

the process by which the spleen is removed from the body to stop internal bleeding because of a rupture due to an injury

Front 25

thymus gland

Back 25

the gland in both the endocrine and lymphatic systems. It is unknown what it does for sure, but it is responsible for thymic education of T-lymphocytes

Front 26

List the six different foreign invaders discussed in this module

Back 26

pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, parasites, viruses, cancers, and toxins

Front 27

*Innate immunity

Back 27

An immune response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin encountered

Front 28

*Acquired immunity

Back 28

An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin

Front 29

*Complement

Back 29

A series of 20 plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells. They (1) lyse bacteria, (2) promote phagocytosis, and (3) promote inflamation

Front 30

*Interferon

Back 30

Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins stimulate nearby cells to produce virus-fighting substances

Front 31

explain the difference between complement and interferon concerning function

Back 31

complement is antibacterial; interferon is antiviral

Front 32

explain the difference between complement and interferon concerning place of production

Back 32

complement is produced in the liver; interferon is produced by virus-defeated cells in the body

Front 33

explain the difference between complement and interferon concerning time of production

Back 33

complement is continually produced, in an inactive form. Interferon is only produced by a cell which has already been 'captured' by a virus

Front 34

Natural killer cells

Back 34

lymphocytes that attack tumor cells and virus-infected cells (these are cells of the body, not foreign cells)

Front 35

How is inflammation produced?

Back 35

by vasodilation in which the blood vessels dilate

Front 36

Local inflammation

Back 36

inflammation of one part of the body

Front 37

systemic inflammation

Back 37

inflammation of the whole body

Front 38

*Pyrogens

Back 38

Chemicals which promote fever by acting on the hypothalamus

Front 39

*Humoral immunity

Back 39

Immunity which comes from antibodies in blood plasma

Front 40

*Cell-mediated immunity

Back 40

Immunity which comes from the actions of T-lymphocytes

Front 41

antibodies

Back 41

four polypeptide chains which are able to target an antigen

Front 42

List the five ways an antibody can fight an antigen

Back 42

1) bind directly to antigen. 2) Bind the antignes together in groups. 3) activate complement. 4) Stimulate phagocytosis. 5) Stimulate inflammation

Front 43

B-cells

Back 43

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies

Front 44

plasma B-cells

Back 44

B-cells that release their antibodies into the plasma

Front 45

memory B-cells

Back 45

long-lived B-cells which do not release their antibodies the first time of an invasion but the second time

Front 46

primary response

Back 46

the response that is first produced by B-cells. It fights the infection and produces memory B-cells

Front 47

secondary response

Back 47

the response that is produced by memory B-cells in the case of a second infection

Front 48

MHC

Back 48

20 specific glycoproteins which exist on the cell membrane of every cell in your body

Front 49

T-lymphocytes (also known as T-cells)

Back 49

cells which originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. They have antigen receptors but are not associated with antibodies. They fight diseases which are causedby pahtogens which invade cells, such as viruses and intracellular bacteria

Front 50

effector T-cells

Back 50

T-cells which attack infection

Front 51

memory T-cells

Back 51

T-cells which provide long-lasting immunity just like memory B-cells do

Front 52

cytotoxic T-cells (also called killer T-cells_

Back 52

Memory T-cells which recognize and destroy foreign cells by puncturing them

Front 53

helper T-cells

Back 53

Memory T-cells which stimulate the proliferation of B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

Front 54

HIV

Back 54

Human immunodeficiency virus which destroyed helper T-cells

Front 55

Delayed hypersensitivity T-cell

Back 55

T-cells that respond to antigens by releasing chemicals which promote inflammation. They also promote phagocytosis by attracting macrophages through chemotaxis

Front 56

Active natural immunity

Back 56

the acquired immunity which comes from being exposed to a pathogen

Front 57

Active artificial immunity

Back 57

the acquired immunity which comes from a vaccine

Front 58

Passive natural immunity

Back 58

Immunity which is transferred from a mother to a baby

Front 59

Passive artificial immunity

Back 59

Immunity acquired by someone else who has been exposed to a pathogen and created antibodies. These antibodies are removed from that person and put in someone else

Front 60

autoimmunity

Back 60

Immunity against one's self - the MHC of the body's cells cannot be recognized, so the cells are attacked by the body.