The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 1)

Front 1

*Physiology

Back 1

The study of the functions of an organism and its parts

Front 2

*Gross Anatomy

Back 2

The study of the macroscopic structures of an organism

Front 3

*Microscopic Anatomy

Back 3

The study of the microscopic structures of an organism

Front 4

*Histology

Back 4

The study of tissues

Front 5

Anatomy

Back 5

The study of the structures of the body

Front 6

Surface Anatomy

Back 6

Anatomy by 'feeling' the body

Front 7

Regional Anatomy

Back 7

Anatomy of the various parts of the body

Front 8

Systematic Anatomy

Back 8

Anatomy by organ systems

Front 9

*Organ

Back 9

A group of tissues specialized for a particular function

Front 10

*Tissues

Back 10

A group of cells specialized for a particular function

Front 11

*Homeostasis

Back 11

A state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions, chemical levels, and tissues

Front 12

Stress

Back 12

Something in the environment that causes one or more variables to move to far from there set point

Front 13

Hormones

Back 13

Chemicals which control the body's chemistry

Front 14

*Effector

Back 14

A structure in the body that can change the value of a variable

Front 15

Receptor

Back 15

Something which montors the value of your body's variables

Front 16

Control Center

Back 16

A thing which establishes the appropriate range of the variable

Front 17

Insulin

Back 17

A type of hormone

Front 18

List the eleven organ systems of the human body

Back 18

Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscle System, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Circulatory System, Lymphatic System, Digestive System, Respiratory System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System

Front 19

List the four basic types of tissue

Back 19

Nervous Tissue, Muscular Tissue, Connective Tissue, and Epithelial Tissue

Front 20

List the seven levels of organization in the human body

Back 20

Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Eukaryotic Cells, Organelles, Molecules

Front 21

Plasma membrane

Back 21

The 'wall' that forms the boundry of the cell

Front 22

Nucleus

Back 22

Contains genetic material and it is the control center of the cell

Front 23

Nuclear envelope

Back 23

The 'wrapping' of the nucleus

Front 24

Chromatin

Back 24

Basically, DNA during interphase

Front 25

Chromosomes

Back 25

Basically, DNA during reproduction

Front 26

Cytoplasm

Back 26

The fluid part of the cell

Front 27

Ribosomes

Back 27

The place where proteins are synthesized

Front 28

Free Ribosomes

Back 28

Ribosomes by themselves

Front 29

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 29

An organelle composed of both rough and smooth ER

Front 30

Smooth ER

Back 30

This organelle performs intracellular transport and produces lipids and carbohydrates

Front 31

Rough ER

Back 31

This organelle performs intracellular transport and protein synthesis

Front 32

Lipids

Back 32

Fats

Front 33

Golgi Apparatuses

Back 33

These organelles take chemicals and package them for many different purposes

Front 34

Secratory Vesicle

Back 34

A sack containing a chemical from the Golgi Apparatus

Front 35

Lysosome

Back 35

This organelle breaks down lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

Front 36

Mitochondria

Back 36

The major site of ATP synthesis in the cell

Front 37

Mitochondrial DNA

Back 37

DNA in the mitochondrion which codes for the production of certain proteins necessary for the mitochondrion to do its job

Front 38

Cilia

Back 38

Tiny 'hairs' on the cell

Front 39

Proteins

Back 39

Large molecules formed by the joining of amino acids

Front 40

Enzymes

Back 40

Proteins that act as catalysts

Front 41

Antibodies

Back 41

Proteins that fight infections

Front 42

Transcription

Back 42

The process by which a DNA molecule unwinds, exposing its nucleotides, and an mRNA molecule produces a negative of it

Front 43

Codon

Back 43

A sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA

Front 44

Nucleotide

Back 44

One of the following molecules: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. (Also Uracil?)

Front 45

Translation

Back 45

The process by which proteins are formed in the ribosome according to the negative in the mRNA molecule

Front 46

Anticodon

Back 46

A three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule

Front 47

DNA does not have which 'nucleotide?'

Back 47

Uracil

Front 48

RNA does not have which nucleotide?

Back 48

Thymine

Front 49

Adenine links with...

Back 49

Uracil or thymine

Front 50

Guanine links with...

Back 50

Cytosine

Front 51

Cytosine links with...

Back 51

Guanine

Front 52

Uracil links with...

Back 52

Adenine

Front 53

Thymine links with...

Back 53

Adenine

Front 54

List the seven parts of DNA

Back 54

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus

Front 55

How do the nucleotides link together?

Back 55

Via hydrogen bonds

Front 56

What do carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus form in DNA?

Back 56

Phosphate groups and Deoxyribose

Front 57

What does tRNA stand for?

Back 57

Transfer RNA

Front 58

What does mRNA stand for?

Back 58

Messenger RNA

Front 59

How are amino acids linked up to form a protein?

Back 59

By a peptide bond

Front 60

What does RNA stand for?

Back 60

Ribonucleic Acid

Front 61

What does DNA stand for?

Back 61

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 62

What shape does DNA have that RNA does not have?

Back 62

A double helix

Front 63

What are some similarities between DNA and RNA?

Back 63

1. Both are made up of nucleotides
2. The nucleotides join together in long strands
3. They both have adenine, guanine, and cytosine

Front 64

Describe transcription

Back 64

The DNA first 'unwinds.' After that, the RNA forms a negative of the DNA by making the nucleotides link together. When transcription is over, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome in preparation for translation

Front 65

Describe translation

Back 65

First, the tRNA molecule has amino acids by it. This is because it has a 'hook.' The hook is a three-nucleotide sequence which is attracted to a specific amino acid. The three-nucleotide sequence is called an anticodon. When the mRNA enters the ribosome, the anticodons are attracted to three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA, called codons. Of course, these sequences are taken right from the DNA. THe anticodons come near the codons, pulling along the amino acids. When they are right next to each other, the amino acids from the anticodons join up by a peptide bond.

Front 66

Mitosis

Back 66

The duplication of a cell's chromosomes to allow daughter cells to recieve the exact genetic makeup of the parent cell

Front 67

Prophase

Back 67

The time during which the centrioles duplicate, form a spindle of microtubules, and move towards opposite ends; also, the DNA forms chromosomes and heads towards the center line of the cell

Front 68

Anaphase

Back 68

The time during which the duplicate and original chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends

Front 69

Metaphase

Back 69

The time during which the spindle attaches to the chromosomes

Front 70

Telophase

Back 70

The time during which the plasma membrance constricts

Front 71

Interphase

Back 71

The time during which the cell is doing normal things, not reproducing

Front 72

Equatorial Plane

Back 72

An imaginary line which runs down the center of the cell

Front 73

Phospholipid Bilayer

Back 73

The major component of the plasma memebrane; it is composed of two layers of phospholipids

Front 74

Phospholipid

Back 74

A fat molecule with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group

Front 75

Which side of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Back 75

The tail

Front 76

Which side of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Back 76

The head

Front 77

Channel Proteins

Back 77

Proteins that have a little 'channel' to let things in and out

Front 78

Glycoproteins

Back 78

Proteins that have a carbohydrate chain attached to them; these act as cell markers

Front 79

Receptor Proteins

Back 79

Proteins that take messages from other cells

Front 80

Cholesterol

Back 80

The molecules that give the membrane the right degree of firmness

Front 81

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 81

The description of the plasma membrane

Front 82

*Selective Permeability

Back 82

The ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others

Front 83

What type of molecule can most easily pass through the plasma memebrane?

Back 83

Small, fatty molecules

Front 84

What three main things affect permeability?

Back 84

Polarity, size, and charge

Front 85

What three conditions limit the proteins which pass through the carriers?

Back 85

Specificity, Competition, and Saturation

Front 86

Carriers

Back 86

Proteins that allow certains molecules in to the cell through mediated transport

Front 87

Mediated Transport

Back 87

The process by which a molecule enters a carrier protein on one side of the plasma membrane and leaves on the other

Front 88

Specificity

Back 88

The condition which states that a molecule must be the right shape to enter a carrier

Front 89

Competition

Back 89

The condition which states that the type of molecule with the most 'members' will have the best chance of entering the plasma membrane.

Front 90

Saturation

Back 90

A carrier is saturated when it cannot move molecules any faster than it already is moving them

Front 91

Diffusion

Back 91

The movement of ions or molecules through an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 92

Facilitated diffusion

Back 92

Diffusion that occurs in mediated transport

Front 93

ATP

Back 93

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 94

ADP

Back 94

Adenosine Diphosphate

Front 95

*Endocytosis

Back 95

The process by which large molecules are taken into the cell

Front 96

Pinocytosis

Back 96

The process by which the plasma membrane folds into a pocket with the molecule inside and pinches off

Front 97

Phagocytosis

Back 97

The process by which the cell engulfs what it is trying to take in

Front 98

*Exocytosis

Back 98

Transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell

Front 99

List the 4 paths which an ion or molecule can take, which does not necessarily require ATPs, to enter the cell

Back 99

Dissolve through phospholipid, Channel proteins, charged channel proteins, carrier proteins

Front 100

List the 4 ways or sub-ways which an ion or molecule can take to enter the cell and which necessarily requires ATPs

Back 100

Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis