The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 3)

Front 1

*Epidermis

Back 1

The outer portion of the skin, formed by epithelial tissue which rests on the dermis

Front 2

*Dermis

Back 2

Dense irregular connective tissue that forms the deep layer of the skin

Front 3

*Hypodermis

Back 3

Loose connective tissue underneath the dermis which connects the dermis to muscle or bone

Front 4

Papillary Layer

Back 4

the upper part of the dermis where the dermal papillae reside

Front 5

Dermal Papillae

Back 5

bumps in the dermis

Front 6

Epidermal ridges

Back 6

The ridges on the epidermis formed by dermal papillae

Front 7

Reticular layer

Back 7

The layer of the dermis underneath the papillary layer

Front 8

Lines of Cleavage

Back 8

Also called lines of tension, they point out the overal direction of the collagen fibers in the dermis

Front 9

Hair follicle receptor

Back 9

The nerves that wrap around the hair

Front 10

Arrector pili

Back 10

Muscle cells that are associated with the hair

Front 11

*Hypodermis

Back 11

Loose connective tissue underneath the dermis which connects the dermis to muscle or bone

Front 12

Sweat glands

Back 12

These produce sweat which travels up the sweat ducts and spills out through the sweat pores

Front 13

Stratum Basale

Back 13

The deepest layer of the epidermis, it is one cell thick. In this layer, the cells are constantly undergoing mitosis. Melanocytes reside in this layer

Front 14

Stratum Spinosum

Back 14

The layer above the the stratum basale. The layer is several cells thick, and the cells undergo mitosis. Melanocytes reside in this layer.

Front 15

Melanocytes

Back 15

Cells that produce melanin

Front 16

Melanin

Back 16

A dark brown pigment

Front 17

Melanoma

Back 17

A dangerous type of cancer in which there is uncontrolled mitosis of melanocytes

Front 18

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Back 18

A skin cancer caused from the unctrolled mitosis of cells in the stratum basale layer of the skin

Front 19

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 19

A cancer caused by stratum spinosum cells

Front 20

Stratum Granulosum

Back 20

The third layer of the epidermis. In this alyer, the skin cells overproduce keratin, killing themselves.

Front 21

Stratum Lucidum

Back 21

This layer is above the stratum granulosum, but it is only found in the thick sking of the soles and palms. All cells in this layer are dead

Front 22

Keratinization

Back 22

The process by which skin cells kill themselves as they travel to the surface.

Front 23

Stratum corneum

Back 23

The uppermost layer of the skin, it is composed of 25-30 layers of keratinized cells

Front 24

Desquamation

Back 24

The process by which dead cells flake off the stratum corneum

Front 25

List the five layers of the epidermis

Back 25

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Front 26

Hair Shaft

Back 26

The part of the hair above the skin

Front 27

Hair Root

Back 27

The part of the hair under the skin

Front 28

At the base of the hair, there are basically seven layers. What are they?

Back 28

Medulla, cortex, internal epithelial root sheath, external epithelial root sheath, stratum basale, and dermal root sheath

Front 29

Electrolysis

Back 29

A process that kills hair by shoving a thin needle with an electric current down the hair follicle, thus killing the matrix

Front 30

Growth stage

Back 30

The time during which the cells of the hair matrix reproduce a lot

Front 31

Rest stage

Back 31

The time during which the cells of the hair matrix reproduce very little

Front 32

Nail root

Back 32

The portion of the nail which lies under the skin

Front 33

Nail matrix

Back 33

The portion of the nail which contains undifferentiated cells

Front 34

Lunula

Back 34

The upper portion of the nail matrix which resembles a small white crescent at the base of the nail

Front 35

Merocrine sweat glands

Back 35

The sweat glands that produce sweat

Front 36

Apocrine sweat glands

Back 36

Special merocrine glands that empty their secretions onto a hair follicle. They are deeper than regular sweat glands and they produce a strong-odored sweat

Front 37

Sebum

Back 37

An oil which softens the hair and the skin and is secreated from the sebaceous glands

Front 38

Sebaceous glands

Back 38

Holocrine glands that secrete sebum

Front 39

*Hemopoiesis

Back 39

The process of manufacturing blood cells

Front 40

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

Back 40

Support, protection, movement, storage, and hemopoiesis

Front 41

Yellow bone marrow

Back 41

Fat cells in the bones

Front 42

Which bones of adults have yellow bone marrow?

Back 42

Arms, legs, hands, and feet

Front 43

Red bone marrow

Back 43

This is found in the bones which don't have yellow bone marrow. It produces red blood cells

Front 44

What are the five basic bone types?

Back 44

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Front 45

Long bone

Back 45

A bone that is longer than it is wide

Front 46

Short bone

Back 46

A bone that is about as long as it is wide

Front 47

Flat bone

Back 47

A thin, usually curved bone

Front 48

Sesamoid bone

Back 48

A small, round bone that develops in a tendon

Front 49

Irregular bone

Back 49

A bone that does not fit any other category

Front 50

*Compact bone

Back 50

Dense bone matrix enclosing only a few small spaces

Front 51

*Cancellous bone

Back 51

Bone with many small spaces or cavities surrounding the bone matrix

Front 52

*Ossification

Back 52

Bone formation

Front 53

*Articular Cartilage

Back 53

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of a bone in a joint

Front 54

Diaphysis

Back 54

The shaft of a bone, made mostly of compact bone

Front 55

What are the three major components of a long bone?

Back 55

Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate

Front 56

Epiphysis

Back 56

It is found at the end of the bone and is made mostly of spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 57

What do the spaces in cancellous bone contain?

Back 57

Red bone marrow

Front 58

Epiphyseal Plate

Back 58

This part lies between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It is made of hyaline cartilage when a person is young. The growth of the bones length comes from this plate

Front 59

Epiphyseal Line

Back 59

The epiphyseal plate once it has hardened

Front 60

Will articular cartilage be thicker or thinner in an adult?

Back 60

Thinner

Front 61

Medullary Cavity

Back 61

The cavity that runs down the center of the diaphysis

Front 62

What happens in the medullary cavity?

Back 62

Originally it is red bone marrow, but when someone matures it becomes yellow bone marrow

Front 63

Periosteum

Back 63

A sheath the bone is covered in. It has two layers - the 1st is dense irregular connective tissue that contains blood vessles and nerves. The inner is a single layer of bone cells.

Front 64

*Axial Skeleton

Back 64

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk

Front 65

*Appendicular Skeleton

Back 65

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.

Front 66

Girdles

Back 66

The parts of the appendicular skeleton that attach to the axial skeleton and to which the limbs are attached.

Front 67

Pectoral girdle

Back 67

Girdle of the arm. It is made of two bones, the clavicle and the scapula

Front 68

Pelvic girdle

Back 68

The girdle of the leg. It is made of three bones, the two coxae and the sacrum

Front 69

List the five bones of the upper limb

Back 69

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, and radius

Front 70

List the six bones of the lower limb

Back 70

Coxa, sacrum, femur, patella, fibula, and tibia

Front 71

Thigh

Back 71

Made of the femur

Front 72

Arm

Back 72

Made of the humerus

Front 73

Forearm

Back 73

Made of the radius and the ulna

Front 74

Leg

Back 74

Made of the fibula and the tibia

Front 75

Wrist

Back 75

Made of the carpals

Front 76

Hand

Back 76

Made of the metacarpals and the digits. Each digit except the thumb is made of three phalanges

Front 77

Ankle

Back 77

Made of the tarsals

Front 78

Foot

Back 78

Made of the metatarsals and the digits

Front 79

List the bones of the face

Back 79

Maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, inferior nasal concha, mandible, and vomer

Front 80

List the bones of the cranial vault

Back 80

Parietal, temporal, frontal, sphenoid, occipital, and ethmoid

Front 81

Nasal Septum

Back 81

The part of the skeletal system which divides the nostrils of the nose

Front 82

*Suture

Back 82

A junction between flat bones of the skull

Front 83

*Process

Back 83

A projection on a bone

Front 84

*Meatus

Back 84

A passageway

Front 85

*Foramen

Back 85

A hole

Front 86

*Sinus

Back 86

A hollowed out space in a bone

Front 87

Paranasal Sinuses

Back 87

The sinuses in the bones associated with the nasal cavity

Front 88

Orbits

Back 88

The 'eye sockets' which house and protect the eyes

Front 89

Cervical vertebrae

Back 89

The vertebrae nearest the head

Front 90

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 90

The vertebrae nearest the thoracic cage

Front 91

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 91

The vertebrae below the thoracic cage

Front 92

Sacrum

Back 92

The part of the vertebral column that forms an arch with the coxae

Front 93

Coccyx

Back 93

The bottom of the vertebral column

Front 94

Intervertebral disk

Back 94

Disks of fibrocartilage between the bodies of the vertebrae

Front 95

Body

Back 95

The part of the vertebra that bears the weight of the system

Front 96

Vertebral arch

Back 96

The arch that is formed by the processes

Front 97

Vertebral foramen

Back 97

The 'hole' in the vertebra

Front 98

Transverse process

Back 98

A process that extends out sideways from the vertebra

Front 99

Spinous process

Back 99

A process that extends down from the vertebra

Front 100

Superior and inferior articular processes

Back 100

Processes on the vertebra

Front 101

List the parts of the vertebra

Back 101

Body, transverse, spinous, inferior articular, and superior articular processes

Front 102

List the five parts of the thoracic cage

Back 102

Sternum, costal cartilage, floating ribs, false ribs, and true ribs