The Endocrine System

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The products of the endocrine glands are

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hormone

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All hormones are transported in the body by the

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blood

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Oversecretion of the human growth hormone during childhood results in

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gigantism

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In order to produce thyroxin, the diet must contain

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iodine

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Insufficient secretion of thyroxin in infants and children can result in a disease called

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cretinism

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An excess of thyrixon can result in a condition known as

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Grave's dissease

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In the absensce of dietary iodine, the thyroid glad swells and produces a condition called

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goiter

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The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the

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thyroid gland

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Parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands regulates the body's level of

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calsium

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The calcium-regulating hormone made by the thyroid gland is called

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calcitonin

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The large glandular organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions of the abdominal cavity beneath the stomach is the

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pancreas

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Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the pancreas produces an insufficient supply of

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insulin

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Insuline promotes cell uptake of

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glucose

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The adrenal glands may be found on the superior borders of the

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kidneys

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An important hormone of the adrenal medulla which functions in the "fight of flight" response is called

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epinephrine

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The ovaries secrete estrogen and

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progesterone

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The red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are blood components known as

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formed elements

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The pH of the blood is usually about

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7.35 to 7.45

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The blood albumins are made by the

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liver

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The fluid portion of circulating blood is the

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plasma

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When the blood-clotting proteins are removed from the plasma, the plasma is then known as

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serum

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Among the major ions transported by the blood are calcium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and

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sodium

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The plasma proteins encourage the movement of water from the tissue fluids into the bloodstream; this process is known as

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osmosis

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The major pigment that transports oxygen within red blood cells is

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hemoglobin

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Red blood cells are also known as

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erythrocytes

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Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow through a process known as

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erythropoiesis

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Red blood cells circulate in the human bloodstream for approximately

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120 days

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After breakdown, the hemoglobin pigment of red blood cells is first converted to a bile pigment known as

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biliverdin

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A lack of vitamin B12 may result in a condition known as

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pernicious anemia

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Such things as X-rays and drugs may prevent the production of red blood cells, a condition called

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aplastic anemia

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A genetic defect encoding genes for hemoglobin may lead to crystallization of the hemoglobin and a deformity of the red blood cells to a C-shape. This is the disease known as

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sickle cell anemia

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An alternative name for white blood cells is

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leukocytes

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The white blood cells develop within the

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red bone marrow

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The accumulation of cholesterol substances within the inner wall of a blood vessel encourages a condition called

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atherosclerosis

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A condition in which a blood clot moves from one part of the body to another is known as a(n)

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embolism

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The heart is enclosed within an area of the thorax known as the

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mediastinum

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The double sac membrane that covers the heart is the

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pericardium

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The heart has three layers of tissue; the middle and thickest layer is called

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myocardium

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The layer of the heart tissue lining the heart chambers and covering valve tissue is the

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endocardium

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The heart chambers are separated longitudinally by a body of tissue known as the

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cardiac septum

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The blood receiving chambers of

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atria

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The pumping chambers of the heart are the

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ventricles

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Blood returns to the heart from the lungs by means of the

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pulmonary veins

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The large artery carrying blood to the body from the left ventricle of the heart is the

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aorta

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Those blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are

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arteries

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Those blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are

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veins

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On the right side of the heart, the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the

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tricuspid valve

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On the left side of the heart, the bicuspid valve has two flaps and is also known as the

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mitral valve

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The valves leading to the pulmonary truck and aorta are both referred to as the

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semilunar valves

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Arteries supplying blood to the tissue of the heart are the

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coronary arteries

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A blockage in vessels supplying heart muscle may cause a(n)

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myocardial infarction

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Because the sinoatrial node sets the pace for the autorhythmic cardiac muscle activity of the heart, it is commonly known as the

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pacemaker

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The specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the interventricular septum, which distribute nerve impulses to tissues of the ventricles, are the

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purkinje fibers

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The QRS wave of an EKG represents the electrical activity of

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ventricles contracting

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The autorhythmic activity of the heart can be modified by a branch of the nervous system known as the

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autonomic nervous system

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Heart contraction is known by the alternate term of

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systole

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Relaxation periods of the heart when contractions are not occurring are known as

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diastole

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The heart normally beats each minute approximately

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70-75 times

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Unusual heart sounds, such as those emitted by poorly functioning valves, are called

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murmurs

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The smallest vessels, which carry blood to the cells of the tissues are the

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capillaries

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An artery's lumen may be narrowed by

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vasoconstruction

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Dilated veins with pooled blood cause a condition known as

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varicose veins

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The pressure of the blood can be measured by an instrument known as a(n)

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sphygmomanometer

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A typical blood pressure reading contains two numbers of which the first number is the systolic pressure and the second number is the

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diastolic pressure

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A rapid pulse reflects a rapid heart rate and a condition called

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tachycardia

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A slow pulse reflects a slow heart rate and a condition called

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bradycardia

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The regulatory center of the brain that maintains the flow of blood is a cluster of sympathetic neurons known as the

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vasomotor center

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Insufficient oxygen and nutrients delivered to the body cells may induce a condition known as

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shock

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The only artery of the body that carries oxygen-poor blood is the

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pulmonary artery

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The only vein of the body that carried oxygen-rich blood is the

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pulmonary vein

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The pattern of blood vessels within the brain is known as the

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circle of Willis