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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine System |
glands and organs that produce chemical messengers, or hormones |
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Target Cells |
areas receptive to hormones secreted by endocrine system; can be organs or tissues |
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Effects of Hormones |
-growth -changes and development -metabolism -sexual development -regulation of the sexual cycle -homeostasis |
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Pineal Gland |
develops from the diencephalon; named because it looks like a pine nut |
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What hormone does the pineal gland secrete? What is this hormone's function? |
melatonin; contributes to sleep cycles |
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Hypothalamus |
-located in the inferior portion of the forebrain -connected to the anterior pituitary by the hypophyseal portal system -neurons extend to the posterior pituitary by hypothalamohypophyseal tract |
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What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete? What are their functions? |
stimulating and inhibitory hormones; cause or prevent release of hormones from their target areas |
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Pituitary Gland |
divided into the anterior lobe and posterior lobe; suspended fro hypothalamus by an extension of the posterior lobe (infundibulum) |
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What is another name for the pituitary gland? |
hypophysis |
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Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) |
originates from the roof of the oral cavity during embryonic development; cells are simple cuboidal epithelial
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What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? What are their functions? |
-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulate thyroid glans to produce thyroid hormones -growth hormone (GH): promotes growth of cells and tissues -prolactin (PRL): stimulates mammary glands -gonadotropins: stimulate ovaries and testes -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls hormone production in adrenal cortex |
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What are the two gonadotropins? What are their functions |
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulate the production of sex cells, cause ovarian follicles to mature, stimulate testes -luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates ovaries to produce hormones and testes to produce testosterone |
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Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) |
composed of nervous tissue that originate from the base of the brain |
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What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? What are their functions? |
-antidiuretic hormones (ADH): stimulates reabsorption and retention of water by kidneys -oxytocin: stimulates the contraction of mammary gland cells and uterine |
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Thyroid Gland |
inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx |
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Which hormones does the thyroid release? |
-Triiodothyronine, T3 -Thyroxine, T4 -Calcitonin |
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What is the purpose of the hormones T3 and T4?Where are they stored? |
increase basal metabolic rates; in the colloid |
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What is the purpose of the hormone calcitonin? Which cell produces it? |
decreases blood calcium levels by excreting calcium from the kidneys and depositing calcium in the bones; produced by parafollicular cells |
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Parathyroid Glands |
two pairs of organs attached to the thyroid glands |
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What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete? What is its function? |
parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium uptake in intestines, kidney reabsorption of calcium and releasing calcium from the bone |
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Thymus |
located anterior and superior to the heart |
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What hormone does the thymus secrete? |
thymosin and other hormones that case the maturation of T cells |
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Pancreas |
a mixed gland; both endocrine and exocrine function |
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Which hormones does the pancreas secrete? |
somatostatin, insulin and glucagon |
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What is the function of somatostatin? |
inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagons after ingestion of a meal |
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What is the function of insulin? |
lowers the blood glucose level, stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen |
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What is the function of glucagon? |
raises the blood glucose level, converts glycogen into glucose |
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What are the specialized cells that produce the pancreatic hormones? |
alpha cells (for glucagon), beta cells (for insulin) and delta cells (for somatostatin) |
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Adrenal Glands |
superior to the kidneys, composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla |
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What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete? What is their function? |
Corticosteroid hormones; balancing water and electrolyte levels, metabolism and stress management |
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What are the regions that divide the adrenal cortex? |
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis |
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Zona Glomerulosa |
cells secrete mineralocorticoids like aldosterone |
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Zona Fasciculata |
cells secrete glucocorticoids (like cortisol) that regulate protein and fat catabolism |
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Zona Reticularis |
cells produce glucocorticoids and sex hormones |
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Which hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla? What is their function? |
epinephrine and norepinephrine; increase heart rate and prepare body for "fight or flight" situation |
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Gonads |
stimulated by FSH which causes the production of sex cells and by LH which increases the level of hormone production |
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What hormone do the testes produce? |
testosterone, which also aids in the production and secretion of spermatozoa, and inhibin |
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What is the function of inhibin? |
involved in negative feedback to provide regulation of testosterone production |
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What hormone does the ovaries produce? |
estradiol, inhibin and progesterone |
