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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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It‘s the scientific study of life.
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Characteristics of Life
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C.A.R.G.O.E.S
C ells A dapt & evolve R eproduction G rowth & Development O rder E nergy Processing & Regulation S timuli Response |
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Order
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In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above family.
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Reproduction
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Organisms reproduce their own kind.
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Growth & Development
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Inherited information in the form of DNA controls the pattern of growth and development of all organisms.
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Energy Processing
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Using chemical energy stored in an organism to power another organism. (i.e, Bear eats fish to survive)
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Response to the Environment
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All organisms respond to environmental stimuli.
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Regulation
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Many types of mechanisms regulate an organism’s internal environment, keeping it within limits that sustain life.
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Evolutionary Adaptation
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Adaptations that evolve over many Generations as individuals w/ traits best suited for to their environment have greater chances of reproducing
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Cell
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It’s a fundamental unit of life
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Levels of Organization
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Biosphere
Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule |
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Biosphere
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All of the environments on earth that support Life (i.e, regions of land, oceans, lower atmosphere
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Ecosystem
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Consists of all organisms living in a particular area.
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Community
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The entire array of organisms in an ecosystem
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Population
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Includes all individuals of a particular species living in an area.
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Organism
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An individual living thing.
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Organ System
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Consists of several organs that cooperate in a specific function
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Organ
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A specialized structure compose of several different types of tissue that together perform specific functions
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Tissue
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An integrated group of cells w/ a common function, structure or both
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Cell
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It is the fundamental unit of life. Life emerges at this point
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Organelle
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It is a membrane-enclose structure that performs a specific function in a cell
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Molecule
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It is a cluster of small chemical units, called atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Emergent Properties
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New properties that arise w/ each step upward in the hierarchy of life
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Characteristics of Cells
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1. Membrane bound
2. Capable of producing, storing and utilizing chemical energy 3. Transport materials into and out of aforementioned cell membrane 4. Basic unit of life 5. Respond to changes in enviroment (stimulus/response - e.g. - phototaxis/chemotaxis, etc.) 6. Use DNA as template for transcription of RNA and protein synthesis 7. Capable of replication 8. Require water as the primary component of cytoplasm 9. Rely on enzymes to direct chemical processes necessary for life 10. Communicate with the extracellular environment (chemical messengers, hormones, etc) 11. Capable of growth; prior to replication 12. Are a form of carbon based life found on the planet Earth By the way - NOT all cells have mitochondria as noted in a previous answer - only Eukaryotes have mitochondria. Bacteria, do not. |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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•Are single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaeans.
• smaller, simplistic, 1st form of life, no internal compartments (organelles), no true nucleus (both Pro… & Eu… have cell mambranes, ribosoomes, DNA, & cytoplasm) |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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•Is subdivided by a membrane into many functional compartments called organelles which include nucleus; this houses the cells DNA
• Larger, more complex, evolve from prokaryotes, animals, fungi & plants, have membrane organelles, can be either multi cellular or singled-cell, true nucleus (both Pro… & Eu… have cell mambranes, ribosoomes, DNA, & cytoplasm) |
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Organelle
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A membrane-enclosed structured w/ a specialized function within a cell.
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Systems Biology
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An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on the study of the interactions among the system's parts
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Matter
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Anything that occupies space and has mass
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Energy exchange/ flow
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The passage of energy trough the components of an ecosystem ( ie. a tree absorbs water & mineral from soils through its roots. Its leaves take in carbon dioxide from air. In photosynthesis, leaves use energy from sunlight to convert CO2. & H2O to sugar & O2.
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Evolution
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Descent w/ modification; the idea that living species are descendants from ancestral species that were different from present day ones; also the genetic changes in a population from generation 2 generation. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.
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DNA
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• The chemical substance of genes, the units of inheritance that transmit information from parent to offspring.
• Each DNA molecule is made up of 2 two long chains coiled together into what is called a DOUBLE HELIX. The chains are made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called NUCLEOTIDES. • Entire library of information for a cell |
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Genes
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Are group into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes, also control the activities of a cell
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There are 3 domains in the diversity of life
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukarya |
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Bacteria & Archaea
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a. Consist of prokaryotes (organisms w/ prokaryotic cells. Most of them are single-celled & microscopic)
b. Bacteria are the most diverse & widespread prokaryotes. c. Archaea live in Earth's extreme environments such as salty lakes and hot bling springs |
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Eukarya domain
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Contains all eukaryotes. Organisms w/ eukaryotic cells. These cells have a nucleus and organelles.
There are 4 kingdoms within Eukarya Domain |
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Protist
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MULTIPLE KINGDOMS. Mostly single-celled organisms and simple multi cellular relatives.
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Kingdom Plantae
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MULTI CELLULAR EUKARYOTES. Consist of plants which produce their own food by photosynthesis.
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Kingdom Fungi
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Is a diverse group whose members mostly decompose the remains of dead organisms & organic waste & absorb the nutrients into their cells.
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Kindom Animalia
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A group whose members obtain food by digestion; they eat other organisms.
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Element
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Is a substance that can not be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.
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Compound
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Consist of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Compounds are more common than pure elements.
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4 element in human body
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Oxygen...65%
Carbon...18.5% Hydrogen...9.5% Nitrogen.....3.3% Combine = 96.3% |
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Proton
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Subatomic particle w a single positive electric charge (+)
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Electron
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Subatomic particle w a single negative electric charge (-)
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Neutron
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Its electrically neutral.
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Observational Science
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Observe phenomena and draws conclusion from the observation.
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Experimental Science
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Manipulate one factor; observe the response
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Basics Steps of the Scientific Process
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O bserve
Q uestion H iphothesis I investigate A nalyze C onclusion P eer Review |
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Observation
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Observe literature to find out previous knowledge on the phenomenon to be studied
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Question
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These are generated based on the preliminary observations the researches has made
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Hypothesis
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To be consider scientific, It must be able to be tasted. There must be at leas the possibility that it could be demonstrated to be wrong
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Investigation
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To be consider scientific, the testing of a hypothesis must rely on observations of the natural world. Others investigators should be able to observe the same phenomena
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Analysis
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The data must be presented clearly in the form of tables and graphs
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Conclusion
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Must be supported by the data to be consider scientific
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Peer Review
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Researches review the study for these features
. Use of reliable, up-2-date techniques . Proper data analysis . Conclusion supported by datta. |
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Theory
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Is the best explanation for the phenomenon based on all available experimental data.
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Independent Variable
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The factor suspected of causing some effect
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Dependent Variable
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The factor being observe for a response
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Control Factor/Control Variable
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Controlled variables are quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant.
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Controlled Experiment
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An experiment in which an experimental group is compare with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
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Control Group
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A group that is treated identically to the experimental group except that it is not exposed to the independent variable.
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Atom
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The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
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Subatomic Particles
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Any of various units of matter below the size of an atom, including the elementary particles and hadrons.
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Isotope
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One of several atomic forms of an element, each w/ the same # of protons(+) but different # of neutrons (-).
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Electron Shells
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An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
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Radioactive Isotope
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Is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles & energy.
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Covalent Bond
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Strongest king of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell-electrons.
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.
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Polar Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The share electrons are pulled closer to the more elctronegative atom, making it slightly negative and other atom slightly positive.
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Ion
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is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons.
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Ionic Bond
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A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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Ionic Compound
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Two or more ions held next to each other by electrical attraction. One ION has a positive charge( CATION), the other ION has a negative charge called ( ANION).
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Hydrogen Bond
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a weak type of chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom that has a covalent link with one of the electronegative atoms (F, N, O) forms an electrostatic link with another electronegative atom in the same or another molecule.
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Double Bond
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A chemical linkage consisting of two covalent bonds between two atoms of a molecule.
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Chemical Reaction
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The breaking and making of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.
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Reactants
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The Starting materials
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Product
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The material resulting from the chemical reaction.
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Cohesion
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the sticking together of molecules of the same kind, often by hydrogen bonds.
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Solution
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It's a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances. (salty water)
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Solvent
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The dissolving agent (water)
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Solute
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The substance that is dissolved (salt
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Acid
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A compound that donates hydrogen ions to solutions.
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Base
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A compound that accepts hydrogen ions and removes them from the solution
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PH Scale
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Use to describe how acidic or basic a solution is.
(pH= Potential of hydrogen) |
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Buffers
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substances that minimize changes in pH
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Organic Compound
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A chemical compound containing the element Carbon (C) and usually Hydrogen (H).
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4 Main kinds of Molecules
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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Macromolecules
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A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecule, usually by a dehydration reaction; a protein, carbohydrate or nucleic acid
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Polymer
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is a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together.
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Monomer
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Are the building block of Polymers
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Dehydration Reaction
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A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other w/ the removal of a water molecule
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Hydrolysis
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A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; polymers are broken down which are easier to digest
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Enzymes
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Are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
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Monosaccharadies
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Are the simplest carbohydrates (single-unit sugars)
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Disaccharides
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A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction
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Polysaccharides
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A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides (sugar) linked by dehydration reactions.
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Starch
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A storage polysaccharides in plants, consists entirely of glucose monomer.
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Glycogen
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An extensively branched glucose storagepolysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch
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Cellulose
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Most abundant organic compound; major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.
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Lipids
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Are diverse compounds that are group together because they share one trait: they don’t mix w/ water
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Fat
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Is a large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol, & fatty acids.
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Triglycerides
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Synonym for fat, terms used on food labels and medical test for fat in blood
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Phospholipids
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Structurally similar to fats, but contain only two fatty acids to glycerol instead of three
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Steroids
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Are lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings.
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Protein
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A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure.
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Polypeptide
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A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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Peptide Bond
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The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, form by dehydration reaction
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Amino Acids
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An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino acid group; servers as the monomer of proteins.
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Denaturation
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Caused by changes in salt concentration, pH or by high temperature.
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Protein‘s Primary Structure
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The first level of a protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain
(Linear sequence of amino acids) |
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Protein‘s Secundary Structure
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The second level; Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.
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Protein‘s Tertiary Structure
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Third level; three-dimensional shape formed by interaction between R groups
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Protein‘s Quaternary Structure
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Association of multiple polypeptides
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Alpha Helix
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A right-handed coiled conformation common in many proteins in which the resulting structure resembles a spring or helix.
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Pleated Sheet
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A secondary structure found in proteins in which hydrogen bonds are formed between two parts of the protein chain that can be far apart.
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Nucleic Acids
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A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structure and activities. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA & RNA
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RNA
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• a nucleic acid that is generally single stranded (double stranded in some viruses) and plays a role in transferring information from DNA to protein-forming system of the cell.
• A copy of one set of instructions |
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Light Microscope
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Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses. It's use to see microorganisms, plant tissue, etc.
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Electron Microscope
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It focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface. It can distinguish biological structures as small as about 2 nanometers (nm).
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Plasma Membrane
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Its a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings. It encloses the CYTOPLASM
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Prokaryotic Cell
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(Before nucleus) they evolve before Eukaryotic cells, are structurally much simpler but share some common characteristics.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Are distinguish by having a membrane-enclosed nucleus, which houses most of their DNA
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Chromosomes
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Are contain within a cell and carry genes made of DNA
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Ribosomes
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A minute particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that serves as the site of protein synthesis.
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Cytoplasm
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The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; can also refer to the interior of prokaryotic cell
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Nucleoid
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Region where the cell's DNA is located ( not enclosed by a mambrane)
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Cell Wall
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A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi and some protist; protects the cells and helps maintain its shape
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Organelle
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A membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
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Capsule
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Jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes
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Flagella
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Locomotion organelles of some bacteria (Prokaryotes)
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Nucleus
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An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuos with the outer nuclear membrane and compose of ribosome
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Types of Proteins
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Structural… hair
Defensive… antibodies Contractile… muscle Transport… move hemoglobin through your body Signal… hormones Receptor… proteins transmit signals into cell Storage… plant seeds Enzymes… Lactase |
