Chapter 10 (Study Guide)

Front 1

Nucleotide

Back 1

A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and or more phosphate groups.

Front 2

Nitrogenous Base

Back 2

Nitrogenous bases are one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, such as DNA. They may also form nucleosides wherein the nitrogenous base is attached to a sugar.

Front 3

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

Back 3

It's the alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which nitrogenous bases are attached. ( this happens in a polynucleotide DNA or RNA strand.

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Adenine
(symbol: A)

Back 4

a PURINE base present in tissues of all living organisms as a constituent of the nucleic acids DNA & RNA and of certain coenzymes. It forms base pair w/ Thymine.

Front 5

Cytosine
(symbol: C)

Back 5

a PYRIMIDINE base that is a fundamental constituent of the nucleic acids DNA & RNA. It forms base pair w/ Guanine.

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Thymine
(symbol: T)

Back 6

a PYRIMIDIINE base that is a principal component of DNA in which it is pair w/ Adenine.

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Guanine
(symbol: G)

Back 7

a PURINE base that is fundamental constituent of DNA & RNA in which it forms base pair w/ Cytosine.

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Uracil

Back 8

a PYRAMIDINE base that is one of the fundamental components of RNA, in which it forms base pair w/ Adenine.

Front 9

DNA

Back 9

A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function.

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Double Helix

Back 10

The form of native DNA, referring to it's two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwound into a spiral shape

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DNA Polymerase

Back 11

Are the enzymes that linkDNA nucleotide to a growing daughter strand and nucleotides only to the 3' end of the strand, never to the 5' end.

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Transcription

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It's the synthesis or RNA under the direction of DNA.

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Translation

Back 13

It's the synthesis of protein under the direction of RNA.

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RNA polymerase

Back 14

A large molecular complex that links together the growing chain or RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.

Front 15

Promoter

Back 15

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the building site of RNA polymerase ad the place where transcription begins

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(mRNA)
Messenger

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The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic info from DNA & conveys it to ribosomes, where the info is translated into amino acid sequences.

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(tRNA)
Transfer

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A type of RNA that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropiate codon on mRNA.

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(rRNA)
Ribosomal RNA

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The type of ribonucleic acids that together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA in most cells.

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Codons

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A three-nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

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Anticodon

Back 20

On a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complimentary to a codon triplet on mRNA.

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Start Codon

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On mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA moleculebinds, starting translation of genetic information.

Front 22

Ribosomes

Back 22

Structures in the cytoplasm that position mRNA & tRNA close together and catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides

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Mutation

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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can involve large regions of a c’some or just a single nucleotide pair (sickle cell disease)

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Mutagen

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A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes mutation.

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Insertion

Back 25

a rare nonreciprocal translocation involving three breaks in which a segment is removed from one chromosome and then inserted into a broken region of a nonhomologous chromosome.

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Substitution

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It's the replacement of one nucleotide & it's base-pairing partner with another pair of nucleotides.

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Frame Shift

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A mutation in a DNA chain that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, so that every codon beyond that point of insertion or deletion is read incorrectly during translation.

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Virus

Back 28

A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting it’s genetic material. Consider not alive because they don’t display characteristics associated with life.