Chapter 13 (Study Guide)

Front 1

Evolution

Back 1

Change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals, and resulting in the development of new species.
The historical development of a related group of organisms; phylogeny.

Front 2

Natural selection

Back 2

The process in nature by which, according to Darwin's theory of evolution, only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated.

Front 3

Artificial selection

Back 3

Modification of a species by human intervention so that certain desirable traits are represented in successive generations. The different breeds of domestic dogs and the large ears of maize corn are products of artificial selection.

Front 4

Adaptation

Back 4

An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to to survive & reproduce in a particular enviroment

Front 5

Fossil record

Back 5

a sequence in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary rocks- provides some the strongest evidence of evolution

Front 6

Strata

Back 6

is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers.

Front 7

Biogeography

Back 7

The study of the past and present distribution of organisms

Front 8

Comparative anatomy

Back 8

the comparative study of the body structures of different species of animals in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone in the course of evolution from common ancestors. The field is largely confined to the study of the vertebrate animals.

Front 9

Homologous structures

Back 9

are body parts that are alike because the species in question share a common ancestor. These structures may serve the same or different functions. For example, the wing of a bird and the arm of a human serve very different functions, but are considered homologous structures because of the evolutionary relationship between birds and humans.

Front 10

Molecular biology

Back 10

The study of molecular basis of genes and gene expression; molecular genetics

Front 11

Gene pool

Back 11

All the alleles for all the genes in a population

Front 12

Microevolution

Back 12

A change in a population's gene pool over generations.

Front 13

Gene flow

Back 13

The transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or thei gametes

Front 14

Genetic drift:

Back 14

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small population.

Front 15

Bottleneck Effect

Back 15

"GD" resulting from a drastic reduction in population size. The surviving population is no longer representative of the original population

Front 16

Founder effects

Back 16

"GD" that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population.

Front 17

Stabilizing Selection

Back 17

Natual Selection that favors intermidiate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.

Front 18

Directional Selection

Back 18

"NS" in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and reproduce more successfully than do other individuals

Front 19

Disruptive Selection

Back 19

"NS" in which individuals on both extremes of the phenotypic range are favored over intermidiate phenotypes

Front 20

1. What are the five categories of evidence for evolution? (briefly describe each and
give examples)

Back 20

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Front 21

2. Where do new traits come from in a population? How do they become more or less
common over time? Be sure to discuss natural selection, mate selection, genetic
drift, and mutation.

Back 21

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Front 22

3. Explain the three modes of natural selection, and give examples of each.

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