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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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(Ages 7-11) Erikson's stage when school is the center of a child's life. "I am what I learn"
Ego Strength: Sense of competence |
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Self Concept of an 11-year-old
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- talk about how they compare to others...character qualities, appearance, how they act in different situation
- more balanced, truthful, realistic descriptions - Emphasizes competencies instead of specific behaviors - social comparisons - ideals and real self |
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True or false: At the age of 11, children cannot explain conflicting emotions
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False
ex. Broken bike, smiling kid task |
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In more competitive cultures, kids have ___ self-esteem.
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Lower
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The more indulgent presents are, the _____ self-esteem.
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Lower
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Authoritative Parenting
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Relationship is reciprocal, responsive, high in bidirectional communication
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Authoritarian Parenting
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Relationship is controlling, power-assertive, high in unidirectional communication
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Permissive Parenting
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Relationship is indulgent; low in control attempts
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Disengaged Parenting
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Relationship is rejecting or neglecting; uninvolved
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What are the results of having an authoritarian parent?
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Low in social and academic competence in childhood and adolescence; as children, they tend to be unhappy and unfriendly, with boys affected more negatively than girls in early childhood. In adolescence, girls tend to be very unconfident where as boys try to separate themselves from their families.
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What are the results of authoritative parenting?
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Kids are competent, self-assured, popular, able to control their own behavior; low in antisocial behaviors in childhood; in adolescence: high in social and academic competence and positive behavior; low in problem behavior
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What are the results of permissive parenting?
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As kids, they tend to be impulsive, lacking in self-control, and low in school achievement. As adolescents, they engage in more school misconduct and drug use than do those with authoritative parents.
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What are the results of disengaged parenting?
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Infants and toddlers tend to have attachment problems. As kids, they have poor peer relationships. Adolescents tend to show antisocial behavior, poor self-regulation, internalizing problems
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Reward-Cost stage of friendships
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(ages 4-8)
- Friends based on other's behaviors - friends are consistently rewarding to be with - interesting toys and possessions - usually same-sex |
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Normative Stage
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(ages 8-11)
- friend is someone u trust, loyal - shared interests, values and rules - more stable friendships - usually same sex, age, ethnicity, SES |
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Empathetic Stage
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(ages 11-15)
- Psychological closeness - similar interests - active attempts to understand each other - self-disclosure, secrets - reciprocal - stable friendships |
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Popular Children
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- pro-social: academic, socially competent
- Anti-social: "tough boys" "trouble makers" |
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Rejected Children
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- have the worst outcomes later
- rejected aggression: hostile, hyperactive, impulsive - rejected withdrawn: passive and socially awkard |
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Controversial Children
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Hostile and disruptive, but also show positive, pro-social acts
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Bullies
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- most are boys
- physically, relationally aggressive - high-status, powerful - popular, but most eventually become disliked - 1/2 come from abusive homes |
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Victims
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- passive
- gives in to demands - lack defenders and friends - inhibited temperament - physically frail - overprotected, controlling by parents - may be withdrawn-rejected or aggressive-rejected |
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When can children do seriation (ordering items along quantitative dimensions) with a logical plan with some mistakes?
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Age 6-7
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When can children do seriation (ordering items along quantitative dimensions) really well?
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Age 7-8
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Dyslexia Symptoms
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- difficulties recognizing words
- severe deficits in spelling - deficits in short-term auditory - late talking - directional confusion - difficulty with little words |
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What stage of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is someone who is symbolic, but not logical or systematic?
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Pre-operational Stage - ages 2-7
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Concrete Operational
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Ages 7-12 - Systematic and logical, but not abstract or hypothetical
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Formal Operations
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Ages 12+; Piaget's stages of development; systematic, logical and abstract
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During middle childhood there are gains in automatization. What does that mean?
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- the ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli
- frontal lobe functioning |
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Symptoms of autism
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- Difficulty with social interactions and relationships
- Difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communications - Limited interests in activities or play |
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ADHD in adults
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- chronic lateness and forgetfulness
- anxiety - low self-esteem - employment problems - difficulty controlling anger - impulsiveness - substance abuse or addiction - poor organization skills - procrastination - low frustration tolerance - chronic boredom - difficulty concentrating when reading - mood swings - relationship problems - depression |
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Why are teens more moody?
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- more events in general
- more negative life events and stronger reaction to negative events - more sleep deprived - more hormones |
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In the 60's how were early maturing boys treated?
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- more popular
- leaders - athletic - relaxed - independent - self-confident - "attractive" |
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How are early maturing boys treated today?
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- more aggressive
- more law-breaking - more alcohol-abusing - more sexually active |
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How are early maturing girls treated today?
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- unpopular
- withdrawn - lacking in confidence - anxious - poor achievers - promiscuous - deviant |
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How are late maturing girls treated today?
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- "attractive"
- lively - sociable -leaders - sometimes more depressed than on-time maturers |
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What are some of the influences on age of puberty?
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- genes
- body fat - nutrition - stress |
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What happens in brain growth during adolescence?
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- limbic system (fear, emotional impulsive) mature before the pre-frontal cortex (planning)
- rise in hormones cause changes in feelings and drives - "turbo-changed engines with no drivers" |
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Formal operation
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(11-adult)
- systematically, logically, abstract theory, hypothetically |
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Prepositional thought
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- the stage that teens are in
- ability to evaluate the logic of prepositions (verbal statements) without needing to refer to concrete evidence (real world) - abstract, "if then" - abstract, "true, false" |
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Hypethetical-Deductions Reasoning
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- scientific reasoning (ex. how many sandwiches can I make with bread, pb, honey, ham and cheese?)
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Metacognition
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- happens in teenage years
- awareness of thought (think about thinking) - ability to think of a theory to be tested, not a reflection of reality |
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Dualistic Students
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Are those who see the world as a place of absolutes such as right or wrong, true or false
- knowledge is seen as existing absolutely - knowledge provided by professors/authority - judgments and evaluations are self-evident, without the need for substantiation |
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Multiplistic Students
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Recognize that there are multiple perspectives to problems
- they are unable to evaluate each perspectives adequately - "We are all good people" - Argumentation ends, or is avoided, with this attitude |
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Relativistic Students
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See knowledge as relative to particular frames or reference
- they look for the "big picture" - think about their own thinking - evaluate their own ideas as well as those of others - frequently, by seeing alternatives perspectives, they have difficulty making a decision - authorities are seen as people who can and should be questioned |
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Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
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- Identify commitment: defining who you are (19-30)
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Psychosocial Moratorium
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Time out from excessive responsibilities and obligations that restrict the route to self discovery
- exploration - phases - anxiety, conflict - necessary for identity achievement |
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James Marcia
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Explored identity achievement (ex. high commitment, high exploration etc.)
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What happens when a person is forced into a negative identity achievement or when you choose the identity to rebel
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Forclosure
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Stages of morality
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- Pre-conventional morality
- Conventional morality - Post-conventional morality |
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Pre-conventional morality
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self-centered, illogical
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Conventional Morality
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- rule centered; concrete logical
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Post-Conventional Morality
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- justice centered; abstract, hypothetical
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Hyntz Dilemma
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do you steal to save a life, do you sacrifice one life to save 2 lives?
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Level I: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Stage 2: Level 2: Conventional Morality Stage 3: Stage 4: Level 3: Post-conventional Stage 5: Stage 6: |
Level I: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Obedience; punishment Stage 2:Individualism&exchange Level 2: Conventional Morality Stage 3:can't we get along? Interpersonal cooperation Stage 4: Maintaining social order - law is the final word Level 3: Post-conventional Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights Stage 6: universal principles |
