Lifespan Psychology - Chapter 9

Front 1

a childhood disorder involving inattentiveness, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity; often leads to academic failure and social problems

Back 1

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Front 2

mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as neighborhood or school

Back 2

cognitive maps

Front 3

the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

Back 3

cognitive self-regulation

Front 4

Piaget's third stage, during which thought is logical, flexible, and organized in its application to concrete information; however, the capacity for abstract thinking is not yet present; spans from years 7 to 11

Back 4

concrete operational stage

Front 5

a classroom that is based on the educational philosophy that students construct their own knowledge; consists of richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving problems they choose for themselves, and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs

Back 5

constructivist classroom

Front 6

thinking that involves arriving at a single correct answer to a problem; the type of cognition emphasized on intelligence tests

Back 6

convergent thinking

Front 7

the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate - something others have not thought of that is useful in some way

Back 7

creativity

Front 8

the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem; associated with creativity

Back 8

divergent thinking

Front 9

a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises

Back 9

dominance hierarchy

Front 10

an approach consistent with Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, in which purposeful teaching is introduced into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support

Back 10

dynamic assessment

Front 11

the idea that children may adopt teachers' positive or negative attitudes toward them and start to live up to these views

Back 11

educational self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 12

the memory strategy of creating a relation between two or more items that are not members of the same category

Back 12

elaboration

Front 13

individual differences in the capacity to process and adapt to emotional information; predicts many aspects of adjustment and life success

Back 13

emotional intelligence

Front 14

placement of students with learning difficulties in regular classrooms for the entire school day

Back 14

full inclusion

Front 15

exceptional intellectual ability; includes high IQ, high creativity, and specialized talent

Back 15

gifted

Front 16

specific learning disorders that lead children to achieve poorly in school, despite an average or above-average IQ; believed to be due to brain functioning

Back 16

learning disabilities

Front 17

placement of students with learning difficulties into regular classrooms for part of the school day

Back 17

mainstreaming

Front 18

substantially below-average intellectual functioning, resulting in an IQ between 55 and 70 and problems in adaptive behavior, or skills of everyday living

Back 18

mild mental retardation

Front 19

a greater-than-20-percent increase over average body weight, based on the individual's age, sex, and physical build

Back 19

obesity

Front 20

in Piaget's theory, the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they forma strongly interconnected cognitive system; in information processing, the memory strategy of grouping together related items

Back 20

organization

Front 21

an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes simplified reading materials and training in the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

Back 21

phonics approach

Front 22

the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words and to incorrect pronunciation; a strong predictor of reading and spelling achievement

Back 22

phonological awareness

Front 23

an approach to teaching based on Vygotsky's theory in which a teacher and two to four students form a collaborative learning group and take turns leading dialogues on the content of a text passage, using four cognitive strategies: questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting; creates a zone of proximal development in which reading comprehension improves

Back 23

reciprocal teaching

Front 24

the memory strategy of repeating information

Back 24

rehearsal

Front 25

the ability to think through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point

Back 25

reversibility

Front 26

a form of peer interaction involving friendly chasing and play-fighting that, in our evolutionary past, may have been important for the development of fighting skills

Back 26

rough-and-tumble play

Front 27

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

Back 27

seriation

Front 28

a classroom based on Vygotsky's theory, in which children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings; as children acquire knowledge, and strategies from working together, they become competent, contributing members of their classroom community and advance in cognitive and social development

Back 28

social-constructivist classroom

Front 29

the fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype, which can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance

Back 29

stereotype threat

Front 30

outstanding performance in a specific field

Back 30

talent

Front 31

Gardner's theory, which indentifies eight independent intelligences on the basis of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities

Back 31

theory of multiple intelligences

Front 32

a classroom based on the educational philosophy that ehe teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision-making; students are relatively passive - listening, responding when called on, and coompleting teacher-assigned tasks; their progress is evaluated by how well they keep up with a uniform set of standards for their grade

Back 32

traditional classroom

Front 33

the ability to seriate mentally

Back 33

transitive inference

Front 34

Sternberg's theory, which states that intelligent behavior involves balancing analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence to achieve success in life, according to one's personal goals and the requirements of one's cultural community

Back 34

triarchic theory of successful intelligence

Front 35

an approach to beginning reading instruction that parallels children's natural language learning and keeps reading materials whole and meaningful

Back 35

whole-language approach