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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone
epiphyses
progress toward physical maturity
skeletal age
a curve that represents overall changes in body size - rapid growth during infancy, slower gains in early and middle childhood, and rapid growth once more during adolescence
general growth curve
the hemisphere of the brain responsible for skilled motor action. the left hemisphere is dominant in right-handed individuals. in left-handed individuals, the right hemisphere may be dominant, or motor and language skills may be shared between the hemispheres.
dominant cerebral hemisphere
a brain structure that aids in balance and control of body movements
cerebellum
a structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness
reticular formation
a large bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
a gland located near the base of the brain that releases hormones that induce physical growth
pituitary gland
a pituitary hormone that from birth on is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and genitals
growth hormone (GH)
a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and body growth
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
a growth disorder observed between 2 and 15 years of age. characterized by very short stature, decreased GH secretion, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. caused by emotional deprivation
psychosocial dwarfism
Piaget's second stage, in which rapid growth in representation takes place. However, thought is not yet logical. Spans the years from 2 to 7.
preoperational stage
the make-believe play with others that is under way by age 2.5 and increases rapidly during the next few years
sociodramatic play
viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
dual representation
failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own
egocentrism
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
animistic thinking
the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
conservation
the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect the other important features
centration
the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point
irreversibility
the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences between the groups
hierarchial classification
self-directed speech that children often use to plan and guide their own behavior
private speech
adjusting the quality of support during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance; direct instruction is offered when a task is new; less help is provided as competence increases
scaffolding
shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication
guided participation
deliberate mental activities that improve the likelihood of remembering
memory strategies
general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
scripts
thinking about thought; awareness of mental activities
metacognition
young children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
emergent literacy
a principle specifying order relationships between quantities, such as three is more than two and two is more than one
ordinality
the mathematical principle that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set
cardinality
preschools and kindergartens in which teachers provide a wide variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play.
child-centered programs
preschools and kindergartens in which teachers structure children's learning, teaching academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill
academic programs
a US federal program that provides poverty-stricken children with a year or two of preschool along with nutitional and health services and that encourages parent involvement in program planning and children's learning
Project Head Start
a canadian federal program that provides First Nations, Inuit,, and Metis children younger than age 6 with preschool education and nutritional and health services and that encourages parent involvement in program planning and children's learning
Aboriginal Head Start
connecting a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter
fast-mapping
application of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions
overregularization
the practical, social side of language that is concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication with others
pragmatics
adult repsonses that restructure children's incorrect speech into a more mature form
recasts
adult responses that that elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity
expansions