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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bony Anatomy of Spine |
Cervical Spine - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic Spine - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar Spine - 5 vertebrae
Sacrum - 5 fused bones
Coccyx - 3-5 fused bones
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These bony segments function together |
Upper cervical spine: occiput-C2
Lower cervical spine: C3-T1
Thoracic spine: T2-T12
Lumbar spine: L1-S1
Sacrum: bones move as one unit
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Cervical Spine |
Upper cervical spine: occiput, atlas (C1), axis (C2)
Lower cervical spine: C3-T1 |
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Bony Anatomy of Cervical Vertebrae C3-C7 |
Spinous process - bifid spinous process (C2-C6) Lamina: between spinous process & transverse process Transverse process Pedicle: between transverse process & body Body Articular process - superior facet - inferior facet Vertebral foramen: spinal cord passes through here Transverse foramen: vertebral artery passes through here |
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Upper Cervical Spine Joints |
Occipito-Atlanto (OA)
Atlanto-Axial (AA) |
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Bony Anatomy of Atlas (C1) |
Anterior arch: takes place of body
Posterior arch: takes place of spinous process
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Bony Anatomy of Axis (C2) |
Dens or Odontoid: holds C1 in place |
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Bony Anatomy of Thoracic Spine |
Spinous process: longer than others - no bifid spinous process Lamina Transverse process Pedicle Body Articular process: superior & inferior facet Vertebral foramen Transverse costal facet: articulates with ribs |
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Ribs |
12 pair of ribs = 24 ribs in total
True ribs (1-7): attach directly to sternum
False ribs (8-10): attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
Floating Ribs (11-12): no attachment to sternum |
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Bony Anatomy of Ribs 3-10 |
Sternal end: articulate with sternum or costal cartilage
Body/Shaft
Angle: portion of body where ribs turn anterolateral
Neck: connects head to shaft
Head & Tubercle: articulates with thoracic vertebrae
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Bony Anatomy of Ribs 1-2 & 11-12 |
Rib 1: most curved of all ribs
Rib 2: longer & thinner shaft
Rib 11 & 12: short with no neck or no tubercle |
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Bony Anatomy of Lumbar Spine |
Spinous process: small & flat Lamina Transverse process Pedicle Body Articular processes: superior & inferior facet Vertebral foramen |
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Facet or Zygapophysial Joints |
- the articulation between the superior & inferior articular processes
- forming synovial joints with thin articular capsules
- allow for gliding between vertebrae |
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Sacrum |
- 5 fused bones
- lumbosacral joint (L5 & S1): too much motion occurs here
- sacroiliac joint (ilium & sacrum) |
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Coccyx |
- 3-5 fused bones
- virtually no motion
- previously served as origin for tail |
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Sacral Anatomy |
Ala (superior lateral) Superior articulating facet: articulates with L5 Sacral hiatus: flat area Inferolateral angle Apex (inferior aspect) Sacral sulcus (lateral) Sacroiliac joint |
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Sacrotuberous ligament |
located midway between inferior lateral border of sacrum and ischial tuberosity |
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Supraspinous ligament |
located above spinous process
most posterior ligament
prevent flexion |
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Interspinous ligament |
located between spinous process
prevent flexion |
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Ligamentum Nuchae |
this is formed by the supraspinous ligament & interspinous ligament in cervical spine |
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Ligamentum Flavum |
yellow ligament
located inside vertebral canal and posterior aspect |
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Posterior & Anterior longitudinal ligament |
they prevent extension |
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Intervertebral discs |
contain a lot of water |
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Herniated Nucleus Pulposis (HNP) |
- vast majority of HNP are posterior lateral in nature
- most common causes include: repeated flexion, improper body mechanics (especially when lifting), and increased intradiscal pressure
- pressure on anterior aspect (flexion) causes disc to be pushed posteriorly
- pressure on posterior aspect (extension) causes disc to be pushed anteriorly |
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Disc Pressure
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Least pressure when supine, sidelying, & standing
Sitting down slouched over is about the same as standing & picking something heavy up |
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Nerve Roots |
C1-C7 come out above the cervical vertebrae
C8 comes out under cervical vertebrae |
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Curvature |
Cervical & Lumbar - lordosis: concave posteriorly & convex anteriorly
Thoracic & Sacral - kyphosis: concave anteriorly & convex posteriorly |
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Scoliosis |
- lateral curvature of spine
- causes can be bony or muscular - muscle could be weak or tight - bony could be its shape |
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Measuring Scoliotic Curvature |
cobb angle measures how much the curve is of the spine |
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Treatment of Scoliosis (Surgically) |
Surgically, attach Harrington Rods along side spinous process which keeps spine from rotating |
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Treatment of Scoliosis (Brace) |
Milwaukee brace keeps spine straight by pushing the bent side in a straight position |
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Motions of Spine |
- flexion & extension
- side bending/lateral flexion: causes vertebrae to slide & tilt
- rotation |
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Upper Cervical Spine Ligaments |
Alar ligament & Transverse ligament stabilizes occiput-C2
Odontoid prevents flexion & extension |
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Alar Ligament |
U-shaped ligament surrounding odontoid to prevent posterior translation (attaches axis to atlas and occiput) |
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Transverse Ligament |
Sling-like ligament forming "hammock" around odontoid to prevent posterior motion |
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Odontoid fracture |
- causes shearing between C1 and C2
- causes pressure on spinal cord
- only way to know if there is an odontoid fracture is by an open mouth x-ray |