1. Anatomy of the trachea and bronchi. The trachea (Fig.1) is a cartilaginous and membranous tube, extending from the lower part of the larynx, on a level with the sixth cervical vertebra, to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into two main bronchi, one for each lung. The trachea is nearly but not quite cylindrical, being flattened posteriorly; it measures about 11 cm. in length; its diameter, from side to side, is from 2 to 2.5 cm., being always greater in the male than in the female The Left Bronchus is smaller in caliber but longer than the right, being nearly 5 cm. long 2. Anatomy of the pleura and pleural space. The pleura is a serous membrane that
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Anatomy of the chest wall.
Skeleton:
The bony framework is bounded by the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, from which 12 sets of bony ribs articulate and curve around, connecting with the manubrium, sternum, and costal cartilage anteriorly. The central anterior chest is defined by the sternum, which consists of 3 separate bones of the manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process The first 7 ribs, called true ribs, are attached to the sternum and manubrium directly. The 8th-10th ribs are attached via the costal cartilages, while the 11th and 12th ribs remain unattached anteriorly. The 8th-10th ribs are known as false ribs because they lack direct attachment to the sternum, and the 11th-12th are referred to as floating ribs. Posteriorly, the ribs articulate with costal facets of 2 adjacent vertebrae. An articular capsule surrounds the head of each rib, which is secured by attachments of the radiate ligament. Each rib also articulates with the transverse process of its adjacent vertebrae through a costotransverse joint. The bony ribs then curve around anteriorly, where the next major junction is the costochondral
Anatomy of the chest wall.
Skeleton:
The bony framework is bounded by the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, from which 12 sets of bony ribs articulate and curve around, connecting with the manubrium, sternum, and costal cartilage anteriorly. The central anterior chest is defined by the sternum, which consists of 3 separate bones of the manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process The first 7 ribs, called true ribs, are attached to the sternum and manubrium directly. The 8th-10th ribs are attached via the costal cartilages, while the 11th and 12th ribs remain unattached anteriorly. The 8th-10th ribs are known as false ribs because they lack direct attachment to the sternum, and the 11th-12th are referred to as floating ribs. Posteriorly, the ribs articulate with costal facets of 2 adjacent vertebrae. An articular capsule surrounds the head of each rib, which is secured by attachments of the radiate ligament. Each rib also articulates with the transverse process of its adjacent vertebrae through a costotransverse joint. The bony ribs then curve around anteriorly, where the next major junction is the costochondral