Anatomy - Spine

Front 1

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Back 1

Seven

Front 2

Main characteristic of cervical vertebrae

Back 2

They have an opening in the transverse process - the transverse foramina - which carries vertebral artery and vein.

Front 3

What artery does the vertebral artery emerge from?

Back 3

Subclavian artery

Front 4

Why are transient ischemic attacks produced?

Back 4

Compression of the vertebral artery within the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae by osteoarthritic osteophytes

Front 5

How many throracic vertebrae are there?

Back 5

Twelve

Front 6

What vertebrae does the 3rd rib articulate with?

Back 6

Superior portion of T3 and inferior portion of T2

Front 7

Where does the C4 spinal nerve exit from the spine?

Back 7

The intervertebral foramen formed by C4 and C3

Front 8

Where does the C8 spinal nerve exit from?

Back 8

The intervertebral foramen formed by T1 and C7

Front 9

Where does the T3 spinal nerve exit from?

Back 9

The intervertebral foramen formed by T3 and T4

Front 10

Where does the L5 spinal nerve exit from?

Back 10

The intervertebral foramen formed by L5 and S1

Front 11

What nerve root does herniation of L5/S1 disc affect?

Back 11

S1

Front 12

What nerve root does herniation of T12/L1 disc affect?

Back 12

L1

Front 13

Structure of the intervertebral disc

Back 13

Center part is semigelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by fibrocartilage anulus fibrosus

Front 14

What nerve root does herniation of C5/C6 disc affect?

Back 14

C6

Front 15

Boundaries of the intervertebral foramen

Back 15

Superiorly and inferiorly by the pedicles; anteriorly by the bodies; posteriorly by the zygapophyseal joint.

Front 16

What is kyphosis?

Back 16

Exageration of the thoracic curvature in the elderly

Front 17

What is lordosis?

Back 17

Exageration of the lumbar curvature in pregnancy, spondylolisthesis or beerbelly

Front 18

Defect in spina bifida oculta

Back 18

Vertebral arch is absent.

Front 19

What is scoliosis?

Back 19

Lateral deviation or torsion caused by polio, leg length discrepancy, hip disease or hemivertebrae

Front 20

Spondylolysis

Back 20

Chronic stress fracture of pars interarticularis (between pedicle and lamina). Associated with young athletes (L5). Scottie Dog x-ray

Front 21

Spondylolisthesis

Back 21

Pedicles degenerate or don’t develop. Affected vertebra moves anteriorly with respect to the one below it. Ususally L4/L5 (degenerative) or L5/S1 (congenital)

Front 22

Spondylosis

Back 22

Degenerative process in elderly with formation of osteophytes and bone spurs.

Front 23

Ankylosing spondylosis

Back 23

Inflammatory osteoarthritis, ossification of anulus fibrosus results in lack of mobility and "bamboo" spine. HLA-B27

Front 24

Route of metastasis to brain

Back 24

From breast, lung or prostate via internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral veins or external vertebral venous plexus.

Front 25

What structures can compress a spinal nerve root?

Back 25

The intervertebral disc herniates posterolaterally or the zygapophyseal joint.

Front 26

How is a spinal nerve formed?

Back 26

The dorsal sensitive root and the ventral motor root; the dorsal root cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion; the ventral root cell bodies are in the gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 27

What are the meninges?

Back 27

From inside out: pia mater (attached to spinal cord), arachnoid and dura mater. Outside of the dura is the epidural space; between pia and arachnoid is the subarachnoid space and contains CSF.

Front 28

What is the inferior limit of the spinal cord?

Back 28

L1

Front 29

Where is the spinal tap performed?

Back 29

L4/L5 disc

Front 30

What are the layers that the neddle must pass to perform the spinal tap?

Back 30

Skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, interlaminar space, epidural space, dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid space.

Front 31

Sympathetic innervation of head and neck viscera

Back 31

T1 and T2 via superior cervical ganglion

Front 32

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

Back 32

T1 via cervicothoracic ganglion and T3

Front 33

Sympathetic innervation of the trachea, bronchi and lungs

Back 33

T1 via cervicothoracic ganglion and T3

Front 34

Sympathetic innervation of foregut and midgut

Back 34

T4, T5, T6

Front 35

Sympathetic innervation of cutaneous organs

Back 35

T7-T12

Front 36

Sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle and glands of hindgut and pelvic viscera

Back 36

L1, L2

Front 37

Parasympathetic innervation of pupillary sphincter

Back 37

III cranial nerve via ciliary ganglion

Front 38

Parasympathetic innervation of cilliary muscle

Back 38

III cranial nerve via ciliary ganglion

Front 39

Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular and sublingual gland

Back 39

VII cranial nerve via submandibullar ganglion

Front 40

Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland, nasal and oral mucosa

Back 40

VII cranial nerve via pterygopalatine ganglion

Front 41

Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland

Back 41

IX cranial nerve via otic ganglion

Front 42

Parasympathetic innervation of thoracic and abdominal viscera

Back 42

X cranial nerve

Front 43

Parasympathetic innervation of hindgut and pelvic viscera

Back 43

S2-S4

Front 44

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

Back 44

Medial breast via parasternal nodes; deep breast via axillary nodes; lateral breast via pectoral nodes

Front 45

What are the cooper ligaments and clinical significance

Back 45

Attach the mammary gland to the skin. A tumor mass distorts these ligaments and causes dimpling of the skin

Front 46

Structure and articulations of the sternum

Back 46

Manubrium articulates with clavicle and first rib; sternal angle is formed by union of manubrium and body of sternum and it articulates with the 2nd rib; body of the sternum articulates with ribs 3-7

Front 47

Disk herniation: C4/C5

Back 47

Compression of C5. Affects axillary nerve, shoulder and lateral surface of upper limb, deltoid muscle. Weak abduction of the arm.

Front 48

Disk herniation: C5/C6

Back 48

Compression of C6. Affects musculocutaneous nerve, thumb, biceps brachialis, brachio-radialis. Weak flexion of forearm, supination or pronation.

Front 49

Disk herniation: C6/C7

Back 49

Compression of C7. Affects radial nerve, posterior surface of upper limb, middle and index fingers, triceps and wrist extensors. Weak extension of forearm and wrist.

Front 50

Disk herniation: L3/L4

Back 50

Compression of L4. Affects femoral nerve, medial surface of the leg, big toe, quadriceps. Weak extension of the knee.

Front 51

Disk herniation: L4/L5

Back 51

Compression of L5. Affects common peroneal nerve, lateral surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis lingus, extensor digitorum longus. Weak dorsiflexion of ankle, extension of toes.

Front 52

Disk herniation: L5/S1

Back 52

Compression of S1. Affects tibial nerve, posterior surface of lower limb, little toe, gastrocnemius and soleous. Weak plantar flexion and flexion of toes.

Front 53

Teardrop fracture

Back 53

Hyperflexion of the cervical region (car accident, diving into shallow water). Teardrop fracure of anterior vertebral body, posterior subluxation of the vertebra, fracture of spinous process, tear of anterior and/or posterior longitudinal ligaments. Quadriplegia and loss of sensation.

Front 54

Jefferson fracture

Back 54

Caused by compression of cervical region. Multiple fracture of C1, lateral displacement of C1, tear of transverse ligament.

Front 55

Hangman fracture

Back 55

Caused by hyperextension of cervical region (hanging, car accident in which chin hits dashboard). Bilateral fracture of pars articularis of C2, anterior subluxation of C2, tear of anterior longitudinal ligament.

Front 56

Chance fracture

Back 56

Caused by hyperflexion of lumbar column (car accident with lap seat belt only). Transverse fracture of vertebral body and spinous process, rupture of intervertebral disk and tear of posterior longitudinal ligament.