Sped 102 Chapter 5

Front 1

Natural supports

Back 1

Resources in a person's environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, co-workers

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AAIDD definition of intellectual disability

Back 2

A disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18.

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Adaptive behavior

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Social and practical intelligence that people have learned so that they can function in their everyday lives; along with intellectual functioning, are considered in making a determination of mental retardation/intellectual disability

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Social intelligence

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Ability to understand and interpret people and social interactions

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Practical intelligence

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Ability to solve everyday problems

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Supports

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Resources and strategies that promote a person's development, education, interests, and personal well-being; critical to AAIDD's conceptualization of intellectual disabilities

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Levels of support

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The basis of the AAIDD classification scheme; characterizes the amount of support needed for someone with intellectual disability to function as competently as possible as
1. intermittent
2. limited
3. extensive
4. pervasive

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Intermittent support

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support on an as-needed basis, characterized by their episodic (the person does not always need the supports) or short-term nature (supports are needed during life-span transitions, ex: job loss or acute medical crisis). Intermittent supports may be high or low intensity when provided.

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Limited support

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An intensity of supports characterized by consistency over time, time-limited but not of an intermittent nature, may require fewer staff members and less cost than more intense levels of support (ex: time limited employment training or transitional supports during the school to adult period)

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Extensive support

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Supports characterized by regular involvement (ex: daily) in at least some environments (ex: school, work, or home) and not time limited nature (ex: long term support and long term home living support)

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Pervasive support

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Supports characterized by their constancy, high intensity, provision across environments, potentially life sustaining nature. Pervasive supports typically involve more staff members and intrusiveness than do extensive or time limited supports.

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Mild intellectual disability

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A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 50-70.

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Moderate intellectual disability

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A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 35-50.

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Severe intellectual disability

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A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately 20-35.

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Profound intellectual disability

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A classification used to specify an individual whose IQ is approximately below 20.

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Prenatal causes of intellectual disabilities

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Causes occurring during fetal development; some examples include chromosomal disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, developmental disorders affecting brain formation, and environmental influences.

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Perinatal causes of intellectual disabilities

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Causes at birth; some examples are anoxia, low birthweight, and infections such as syphilis and herpes simplex.

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Postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities

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Causes occurring after birth; can be biological (ex: traumatic brain injury, infections) or psychosocial (ex: an unstimulating environment)

Front 19

Chromosomal disorders

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Any of several syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in intellectual disability

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Down syndrome

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A condition resulting from an abnormality with the 21st pair of chromosomes; the most common abnormality is a triplet rather a pair (the condition sometimes referred to as trisomy 21) characterized by intellectual disability and such physical signs as slanted appearing eyes, hypotonia, a single palmar crease, shortness, and a tendency toward obesity.

Front 21

Chromosome

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A rod shaped entity in the nucleus of the cell; contains genes, which convey hereditary characteristics; each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Front 22

Trisomy 21

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A type of down syndrome in which the 21st chromosome is a triplet, making 47, rather than the normal 46, chromosomes in all.

Front 23

Hypotonia

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decreased muscle tone, is a characteristic of down syndrome

Front 24

Maternal serum screening (MSS)

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A method of screening the fetus for developmental disabilities such as Down syndrome or spina bifida; a blood sample is taken from the mother and analyzed; if it is positive, a more accurate test such as amniocentesis or CVS is usually recommended.

Front 25

Spina bifida

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A congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development

Front 26

Amniocentesis

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A medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes recommended to determine the presence of abnormality.

Front 27

Chroionic villus sampling (CVS)

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A method of testing the unborn fetus for a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome; a small amount of tissue from the chorion (a membrane that eventually helps form the placenta) is extracted and tested; can be done earlier than amniocentesis but the risk of miscarriage is slightly higher

Front 28

Nuchal transluceny sonogram

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A method of screening for Down syndrome; fluid from behind the fetus's neck and protein from the mother's blood are analyzed

Front 29

Williams syndrome

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A condition resulting from deletion of material in the 7th pair of chromosomes; often results in mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, heart defects, and elfin facial features; people affected often display surprising strengths in spoken language and socialibilty while having severe deficits in spatial organization, reading, writing, and math

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Fragile X syndrome

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A condition in which the bottom of the X chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes is pinched off; can result in a number of physical anormalies as well as intellectual disabilities; occurs more often in males than females; thought to be the most common hereditary cause of intellectual disability

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Prader-Willi syndrome

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Caused by inheriting from one's father a lack of genetic material on the 15th pair of chromosomes; leading genetic cause of obesity; degree of intellectual disability varies, but the majority fall within the mildly intellectually disabled range

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sleep apnea

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cessation of breathing while sleeping; characteristic of prader-willi syndrome

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Scoliosis

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curvature of the spine; characteristic of prader-willi syndrome

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Inborn errors of metabolism

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Deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements; can sometimes result in intellectual disability; PKU is an example

Front 35

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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A metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain development

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Microcephalus

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A condition causing development of a small, conical-shaped head; proper development of the brain is prevented, resulting in intellectual disabilities

Front 37

Hydrocephalus

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A condition characterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid

Front 38

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

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A range of disorders in children whose mothers consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy; not itself a clinical diagnostic category, but it includes FAS, which is a clincial diagnostic category

Front 39

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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Abnormalities associated with the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects include brain damage, facial deformities, growth deficits, and a variety of physical and mental abnormalities

Front 40

Rubella (German measles)

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A serious viral disease, which, if it occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause deformity in the fetus.

Front 41

Anoxia

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Deprivation of oxygen; can cause brain injury.

Front 42

Low birthweight (LBW)

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Babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 pounds; usually premature; at risk for behavioral and medical conditions, including intellectual disabilities

Front 43

Syphilis

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A venereal disease that can cause mental subnormality in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother-to-be during the latter stages of fetal development

Front 44

Herpes simplex

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A viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother-to-be in the later stages of fetal development, it can cause mental subnormality in the child.

Front 45

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

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Injury to the brain (not including conditions present at birth, with trauma, or degenerative diseases or conditions) resulting in total or partial disability or psychosocial maladjustment that affects educational performance; may affect cognition, language, memory, reasoning, abstract thinking, sensory or perpetual and motor abilities, psychosocial behavior, physical functions, information processing, or speech.

Front 46

Meningitis

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A bacterial or viral infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord.

Front 47

Encephalitis

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An inflammation of the brain; can affect the child's mental development adversely

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Mental age

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Age level at which a person performs on an IQ test; used in comparison to chronological age to determine IQ. IQ=mental age/chronological age X100

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Chronological age

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Refers to how old a person is; used in comparison to mental age to determine IQ. IQ=mental age/chronological age X100

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Working memory

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The ability to remember information while also performing other cognitive operations

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Self-regulation

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Refers generally to a person's ability to regulate his or her own behavior (ex: to employ strategies to help in a problem-solving situation); an area of difficulty for persons who are intellectually disabled.

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Metacognition

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A person's awareness of what strategies are necessary to perform a task and ability to use self-regulation strategies

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Gullibility

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An inclination to believe highly questionable statements or claims, despite scanty evidence; considered by some to be a key characteristic of persons with intellectual disabilities, especially those who are mildly intellectually disabled.

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Behavioral phenotype

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A collection of behaviors, including cognitive, language, and social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms, that tend to occur together in people with a specific genetic syndrome.

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Functional academics

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Practical skills (ex: reading a newspaper or phone book) rather than learning academic learning skills

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Systematic instruction

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Teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences for performance, and transfer of stimulus control; often used with students with intellectual disabilities

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Constant time delay

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An instructional procedure where the teacher makes a request while simultaneously prompting the student and then over several occasions makes the same request and waits a constant period of time before prompting; often used with students with intellectual disabilities

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Progressive time delay

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An instructional procedure where the teacher makes a request while simultaneously prompting the student and then over several occasions gradually increases the latency between the request and the prompt; often used with students with intellectual disabilities

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Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)

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Evaluation that consists of finding out the consequences (what purpose the behavior serves) antecedents (what triggers the behavior) and setting events (contextual factors) that maintain inappropriate behavior

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Positive behavioral intervention and support (PBIS)

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Systemic use of the science of behavior to find ways of supporting desirable behavior rather punishing undesirable behavior; positive reinforcement (rewarding) procedures that are intended to support a student's appropriate or desirable behavior

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Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)

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A formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the curriculum to which students are exposed; usually involves giving students a small sample of items from the curriculum in use in their schools; proponents argue that CBM is preferable to comparing students with national norms or using tests that do not reflect the curriculum content learned by the students

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Progress monitoring

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Brief, frequent measures of performance used to determine whether a student is learning as expected; if a student isn't learning as expected, the teacher can make changes to the instruction

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Self-determination

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The ability to make personal choices, regulate one's own life, and be a self-advocate; a prevailing philosophy in education programming for people with intellectual disabilities. Having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; develops over one's life span

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Learned helplessness

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A motivational term referring to a condition where a person believes no matter how hard he or she tries, failure will result

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Person-centered planning

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A type of transition model; consumer driven in that professionals are viewed as working for individuals

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Community residential facility (CRF)

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A place, usually a group home, in an urban or residential neighborhood where about three to ten adults with intellectual disabilities live under supervision

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Supported living

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An approach to living arrangements for those with intellectual disabilities that stresses living in natural settings rather than institutions, big or small

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Sheltered workshop

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A facility that provides a structured environment for persons with disabilities in which they can learn skills; can either be a transitional placement or a permanent arrangement

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Competitive employment

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A workplace that provides employment that pays at least minimum wage and in which most workers are nondisabled

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Supported competitive employment

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A workplace where adults who are disabled earn at least minimum wage and receive ongoing assistance from a specialist or job coach; the majority of workers in the workplace are nondisabled

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Job coach

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A person who assists adult workers with disabilities, providing vocational assessment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family, and related government and service agencies