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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociological Perspective (1)
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-stresses the social contexts in which people live
-examines how these contexts influence people's lives - how do groups influence people? How are people influenced by society-a group of people with a common culture and territory? -social location-corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in society -our experiences become part of our thinking and motivations |
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What is a theory? (1)
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- a general statement about how some parts of the of the world fit together and how they work
-how two or more "facts" relate to one another - 3 Major theories: Symbolic Interactionism Functionalism Conflict Theory |
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Karl Marx (1)
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- thought that people should try to change society
- the engine of human history is class conflict - the bourgeoisie (capitalists-own the means to produce wealth- capital, land, factories, machines) are locked in conflict with the proletariat (exploited workers, who do not own the means of production) - this battle can only end when the proletariat unite in revolution |
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Emile Durkheim (1)
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- social integration- the degree to which people are tied to their social group is a key factor in suicide
- weaker social ties, more likely to commit suicide- protestant, male, unmarried - we must always examine the social forces that affect people's lives |
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Anomie (1)
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- a sense of normlessness
- people that have not been integrated into society - bewildering sense of not belonging |
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Max Weber (1)
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- religion is the central force in social change
- protestant ethic- self-denying approach to life - protestants thought financial success meant God was on their side - spirit of capitalism- readiness to invest capital in order to make more money - capitalism is more likely to flourish in Protestant countries - religion= key factor in rise of capitalism |
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Verstehen (1)
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(Weber)
- verstehen- "to grasp by insight" - the best interpreter of human behavior is someone who has "been there" - we must pay attn. to subjective meanings- how people interpret their situation in life, how they view waht they are doing and what is happening to them - by using your understanding of what it means to be human and to face some situation in life you gain insight into other people's lives |
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Social Facts (1)
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- patterns of behavior that characterize a social group
- ex: June is the most popular month for weddings - each pattern reflects some condition of society - patterns that hold true year after year indicate that as millions make their individual decisions, they are responding to conditions in their society - sociologists must uncover social facts and to explain them through other social facts - relates to verstehen - most babies born on tuesdays: social facts- technological advances in hospitals, safeness of cesarean, doctors replaced midwifes verstehen- mothers prefer to give birth in hospitals, physicians schedule births to fit their schedules and Tuesdays are the best fit |
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Herbert Spencer (1)
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- social darwinism- survival of the fittest
- societies evolve from lower to higher forms (uncivilized--> civilized) - the fittest members will produce the most advanced society, unless misguided "do-gooders" get in the way and help the less fit survive - the wealthy liked this because it made them feel less guilty |
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Microsociology (the Microsociological Perspective) (1)
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- social interaction- what people do when they are in one another's presence
-of no interest to functionalists and conflict theorists - ex: homeless - what homeless people do when they are in shelters and on the streets - their talk and nonverbal interactions - of interest to SI's |
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Macrosociology (macrosociological perspective) (1)
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- large-scale patters of society
- of interest to functionalists and conflict theorists - ex: homeless people - funct: how changes in parts of society have increased homelessness - funct: how changes in families and economic conditions cause homelessness among people who are unable to find jobs and who have no family to fall back on - confl- struggle between social classes - confl-how decisions by elites on global production and trade affect job market, unemployment, and homelessness |
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Symbolic Interactionism
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- how people use symbols- the things to which we attach meaning- to develop their views of the world and to communicate with one another
- symbols define what our relationships are - emotional satisfaction, the love symbol, the meaning of children, parenthood, marital roles, perception of alternatives, meaning of divorce, changes in the law |
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Functionalist Perspective (1)
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- society is a while unit, made up on interrelated parts that work together
- Comte and Spencer viewed society as a living organism- if society is to function properly, all of its parts must work together in harmony -we need to look at structure (how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society - manifest function- intended to help some part of a system - latent function- unintended consequences that help a system adjust - latent dysfunctions- consequences that harm a system - changes as a result of industrialization: economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and elderly, recreation, sexual control, reproduction |
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Conflict Perspective
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- the key to human history is class conflict
- society is composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resources |
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Culture/components of (2)
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- the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
- key components: beliefs, norms, thoughts, morals, values (non-material), technology (material) |
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Mores (2)
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- norms that we take especially serious
- a person who steals, rapes, or kills has violated some of society's most important mores |
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Moral Holidays (2)
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- specified times when people are allowed to break norms
- ex: Mardi Gras- centered on getting rowdy |
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Material Culture (2)
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- such things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, eating utensils, hairstyles, and clothing
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Non-material Culture (2)
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- a group's ways of thinking (its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language, gestures, and other forms of interaction).
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Ideal and Real Culture (2)
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- Ideal- values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aspiring to
- Real culture- the norms and values that people actually follow |
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Symbols (2)
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- physical phenomenon to which people assign a name and attach meaning to
- the "Self" is a changing symbol- adjust based on views or actions of others |
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Ethnocentrism (2)
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-the tendency for each society to place its own culture patterns at the centef of things
- practice of comparing other cultural practices with those of one's own and automatically finding those other cultural practices to be inferior |
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Cultural Relativism (2)
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- the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural setting
- a method where different societies or cultures are analyzed without using the values of one culture to judge the worth of another |
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Culture Shock (2)
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- anxiety felt by an individual caused by coming into contact with an entirely different environment, such as a different country.
-inability to assimilate, causing difficulty in knowing what is appropriate and not |
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subculture (2)
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-a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong
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- Counter culture (2)
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- a particular subculture characterized by a systematic opposition to the dominant culture
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Cultural Universalism (2)
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BLANK
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Cultural diffusion (2)
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- borrowing of cultural elements from other societies in contrast to their independent invention within a host society
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Cultural Lag (2)
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- material inventions bring changes that require adjustments in various areas of non-material culture
- time between the appearance of a new material invention and the making of appropriate adjustments in corresponding area of non-material culture |
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Cultural leveling (2)
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- the process by which cultures become similar, through industrialization, technology, capitalism
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Positive sanctions (2)
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- reward conformity
- ex: smiles and formal awards |
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Negative sanctions (2)
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- disapproval of deviance
- ex: frowns, gossip, imprisonment, capital punishment, degradation ceremonies, shaming |
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Pluralistic society (2)
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- a society that is built of many groups.
-As societies modernize, they attract people from countries where there may be economic hardship, political unrest, or religious persecution - ex: US |
