Sociology Midterm

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Sociology

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The study of the biological basis of human behavior

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Micro vs Macro Sociology

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Micro - the level of analysis concerned with the study of people as they interact in daily life/ Macro - the level of analysis that focuses on relationships among social structures without reference to the interaction of the people involved

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Sociological imagination

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The set of mind that allows individuals to see the relationships between events in their personal lives and events in their society

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The three theoretical perspectives of sociology

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Social imagination, applied sociology, sociology and occupational skills

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Class conflict

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the conflict between those controlling the means for producing wealth and those laboring for them

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Power

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The ability to control the behavior to control the beaver of others, even against their well

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Quantitative research

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a variable that can be measured and given a numerical number

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qualitative research

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a number that can consists of variation in kind

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Norms

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rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior

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folkways

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norms without moral outlaws

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mores

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norms that have great have great moral significance and that should followed by the members of a society

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laws

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norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials

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values

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broad cultural principles that most people in a society consider desirable

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formal vs informal sanctions

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rewards and punishments that may be given only by officially designated persons vs rewards and punishments that may be applied by most by most members of a group

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Sapir - whorf hypothesis

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Language is our guide to reality; our view of the world depends on the particular language we have learned. Our perception of reality is at the mercy of the words and grammatical rules of our language. And because our perceptions are different, our worlds are different. This is known as the hypothesis of linguistic relativity.

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Subculture

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A group that is part of the dominant culture but differs from it in important respects

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Counterculture

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A subculture that is deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central aspects of the dominant culture.

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Ethoncentrism

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The tendency to judge others in relation to one’s own cultural standards.
Few things draw people closer together than shared loyalty or conviction that what they are doing is right and superior versus the actions and beliefs of others.
Extreme ethnocentrism may create such a high degree of integration and stability that innovation is hampered

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Cultural Relativism

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According to this perspective we shouldn't view values, norms beliefs and attitudes as correct or incorrect but, we should view them within the total cultural framework of a people and evaluate them in relation to their place within the larger cultural contact of which they are part rather than looking to a universal standard.

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Socialization

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the prices of learning to participate in group life through the acquisition of culture.

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Looking - glass self

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a self concept based on our perception of others' judgements of us.

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Role- taking

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the process that allows us to take the viewpoint of another individual and then respond to ourselves from that imagined viewpoint

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Desocialization

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the process of relinquishing old norms, values, attitudes, and behavior.

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Resocialization

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the process of learning to adopt new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors- can begin

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Anticipatory socialization

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the process of preparing oneself for learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

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Refrence Group

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a group used to evaluate oneself and from which to acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms.

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Social structure

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the underlying pattern of social relationships of social relationships

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Status

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a position perosn occupies within a social structure

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ascribed status

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is neither earned nor chosen; it's assigned ex. your either male or female at birth

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achieved status

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is either earned or chosen because people have some degree of control ex. people can choose to become a spouse or parent

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master status

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influence the rest of a person's life ex. if your a criminal usually achieved then your life is usually hard yet if your a celebrity usually also achieved or ascribed life can be hard or easy depending on how you look at it

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Formal vs. informal

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informal sanctions are sanctions that can be applied by most members of a group. formal sanctions are sanctions are sanctions that may be given only by official designated persons, such as judges or college professors

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Sapir- Whorf hypothesis

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our view of the world depends on our particular language

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Role

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culturally defined rights and obligates attached to social statuses indicating the behavior expected of individuals

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Role conflict

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conflict between the performance of a role in one status with the performance of a role in another status

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role strain

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conflicting roles within a single status

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Gesellschaft vs. Gemeinschaft societies

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Gesellschaft has to do with family ties, comepetion and impersonal relationships / while Gemeinschaft has to do with kinship and intimate relationships

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Postindustrial society major features (5)

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1. the first time the majority of the work force is employed in services rather in agriculture or manufacturing
2. White collar replaces much blue collar work
3.Theoretical knowledge is the key
4. Through new means of technological forecasting societies can plan and control technological change
5. Intellectual technology dominates human affairs

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Group

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a group of people who share the same interest and have one or more interest and goals .