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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social institution
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A set of roles/rules/norms that define a social unit of importance to society
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Social Role
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A pattern of behaviors associated with a position in society
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Social norm
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A widely accepted rule about how people should behave
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Family of Orientation
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family a person is born into and grows up in
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Family of procreation
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family a person forms when he/she marries/enters a partnership and has children
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Kin
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people related to you by descent or marriage
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Families are specific to...
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context. Context can include time, place and social group. In different contexts, families can take different forms and have different behaviors/characteristics
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Families are shaped by...
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Structure and Agency.
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Social Structure
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embedded institutions and norms that shape people's behaviors. Social structure constrains individuals
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Agency
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people's ability to shape their own lives through their own actions. individuals make choices.
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Quantitative Methods of Research
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collected data can be represented using numbers. such as a survey
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Qualitative Methods of Research
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collected data representing using words rather than numbers. Observational study, unstructured interview, focus group
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Strengths of Quantitative Method
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Results are more representative. Can ask more questions
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Weaknesses of Quantitative Method
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Information is less indepth
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Stregths of Qualitative Method
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Information is more in depth
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Weaknesses of Qualitative Method
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Results are less representative
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Functionalist Theory
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Looks at functions of social institutions to see how they keep society going.
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Criticism of Functionalist Theory
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Assumes bread-maker/homemaker family better or more natural. More concerned with what society needs rather than the individual's needs.
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Conflict Theory
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Focuses on inequality, power and social change.
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Criticism of Conflict Theory
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Overlooks consensus between groups
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Exchange Theory
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People are rational beings who make decisions based on costs and benefits
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Criticism of Exchange Theory
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Ignores how power shapes exchange
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
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focuses on People's interpretations of symbolic behavior. believe that society isn't constant, but can be changed through the way people interact with each other and the meanings they attach to their actions
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Criticism of Symbolic Interaction Theory
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Neglects importance of social structure
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Feminist Theory
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focuses on social construction of gender differences and men's power of women
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Criticism of Feminist Theory
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assumes men intend to dominate women
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Modernity perspective
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looks at choices and identifies in late modern era. Postmodernists believe that as people have been given more choice about their lives, they have to work harder to develop their personal identities.
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Criticism of Modernity perspective
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ignores remaining guidelines and expectations that limit choices
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Evolutionary Psychology
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People act in ways to maximize the change of reproduction.
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Criticism of Evolutionary Psychology Theory
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Cannot explain differences in society over time or across places
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Functions in Plymouth Colony families
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Education and job training, religious training, care for sick, orphans, poor and elderly. Moral guidance to criminals, reproduction, reproducing and socializing children, consumption.
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Functions in families today
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Care for sick and elderly, provision, reproducing and socializing children, consumption, provide love and affection.
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Reasons for change in family functions
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Change in production (reduced control of fathers), Urbanization (reduced control of fathers, more anonymity), Increased education (delayed marriage, changed gender relations), Democracy, Protestant Reformation and secularization, Individualism
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Conjugal Family
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Historic family pattern. kinship group of husband, wife and children. (more common among European families)
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Extended family
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Historic family pattern. kinship group of conjugal family and other relatives in household (Asian, African and native american)
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20th century rise in Private Family
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In the past, people derived satisfaction from fulfilling their familial roles, now from personal fulfillment--related to divorce increase
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Reasons the 1950s were unique
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Postwar economic boom (made bread-winner/homemaker family possible), small cohort size (increased wages for young men), cultural emphasis on marriage and family, response to the Depression
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Marriage patterns now
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Marriage no longer most common first union (cohabitation). People delay marriage (1960 women married at 20 and men at 23, 2000 married at 25 &27), most 90% still marry
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Percentage of Mexican Americans married age 20-24
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46%
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Percentage of Whites married 20-24
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32%
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Percentage of Blacks married 20-24
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16%
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Ethnic Differences in whether and when to marry
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hispanics tend to marry earlier, whites delay marriage, blacks delay marriage and less likely to ever marry
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Education/Class Differences in Marriage
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College-educated are more likely to marry (94% in 1960-64) 89% of non college grads married, those who earn more are more likely to marry
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2 phases to deinstitutionalization
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change from institutional to companionate marriage, then change from companionate to individualized marriage
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Benefits of marriage
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health/mortality benefits, higher income/wealth/assets, partnered sex, married men/black women earn more, children fare best, enforceable trust, higher social status
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Costs of marriage
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benefits of marriage are higher for men than women, marriage can negatively impact women's earnings and career prospects, married women do more housework and trad female tasks, married people sometimes withdraw
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causal relationship
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two things are related because one causes the other
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Selectivity
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two things are related because people sort, or select themselves into groups or behaviors
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Ethnic Differences in cohabitation
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Hispanics (except Cubans) more likely to cohabit), whites and blacks are similar with rates
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People with less education/income are_______ likely to cohabit
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more. 60% had cohabited that didn't finish high school in 95. 37% of college grads
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Consequences of Cohabitation
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fewer benefits than marriage to children of couple, lower marital quality, related to higher risk of divorce
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Who is most likely to divorce?
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African Americans, then Whites, then Hispanics, then Asians. People with less education/income.
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Era of restricted divorce
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divorce was dissolution of economic partnership (adultery grounds for divorce, fathers took custody of children)
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Era of divorce tolerance
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divorce was dissolution of companionship (cruelty and failure to provide) mothers took custody of children
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Era of unrestricted divorce
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divorce is dissolution of individualized marriage, no-fault divorce
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Reasons for increase in divorce
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no fault divorce, individualized marriage (personal satisfaction hard to maintain), women's employment, men's employment (fewer economic prospects lead to marital conflict), more acceptance of divorce and less familism
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Consequences of Divorce Trends
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divorced adults don't recieve benefits of marriage, divorce can have negative consequences on children
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Who is most likely to remarry
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Non-Hispanic whites (within 5 years 58% of white women remarry), then Hispanics at 44%
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Affinity-seeker stepparent
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avoids disciplining stepchildren, but friendly and approachable
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Polite outsider
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Avoid disciplining stepchildren, and also less warm and friendly
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Intimate outsider
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Closer to stepchildren, like a good friend, but not quite like a parent
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Income inequality has increased since the 19____s
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70, gap by family type has increased
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Income of Female householder no husband present
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20,000 with slight increase.
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Income of married couples wife not in paid labor force
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Stays around 40,000.
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Income for married couples, wife in labor force
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increased from 50,000 to 70,000.
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Poverty thresholds in 07
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One person: $10,590
Two people: $13,540 Three people: $16,530 Four people: $21,203 |
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Poverty is higher for
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Female headed households, minorities
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Lower-classes are....
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more likely to marry and more likely to divorce, engage with kin, natural growth child rearing, more likely to have children outside of marriage
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Hispanics are more likely to
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cohabit, have more children, many minority women are more likely to have children outside of marriage
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Racial-ethnic intermarriage
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less common for whites and african americans, more common for hispanics native americans, and Asians,
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