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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aggregate |
people in the same place at the same time who don't share a connection |
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Category |
people who share a common characteristic |
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Social Groups |
people feel a sense of unity |
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Social Institutions |
social groups, status and role makes up social structure |
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Social Loafing |
people withdraw from social group participation |
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Social Closure |
Social group loses members |
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Ingroup |
everyone has sense of belonging |
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Outgroup |
a group that someone doesn't identify with |
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Instrumental Leader |
a leader who is goal oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks
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Expressive Leaders |
more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported |
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Democratic Leaders |
encourage group participation in all decision making |
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Laissez-fair Leaders |
hands off, allows group members to self-manage and make their own choices. |
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Authoritarian Leader |
issues orders and assign tasks |
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Utilitarian Orginization |
People join a group because they get something from it |
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Coercive Organization |
people have unquestioning obedience to a leader |
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Normative Organization |
people join because they want to |
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Bueracracy |
A large scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking and a ration world view to achieve maximum efficiency. |
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Ideal Type |
Essential characteristics that most cases share |
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Max Webers study of bureaucracy as an ideal type |
1. Specialization (division of labor) 2. Hierarchical Structure 3. Formal rules, regulations, procedures 4. impersonality 5. merit and careers
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Bureaucratic ritualism |
Following the rules becomes more important than the goals of the organization |
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Parkinsons Law |
Work expands to fill the time available |
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The Peter Principle |
People are promoted to their point of incompetency |
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Oligarchy |
A small group that rules many people |
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Deviance |
Violation of a social norm |
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Relativity of Deviance |
Deviance is relative because the norms change depending on... -Time -Place -Situation -Culture -Media |
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Durkheims Functionalist View on Deviance |
Deviance can be functional society 1. establishes boundaries 2. promotes group cohesion 3. acts as a safety valve 4. promotes social change |
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Anomie |
A state of social strain, normative confusion or rapid change in norms when peoples behavior is no longer restrained by social norms |
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Social disorganization theory |
Crime is more likely where there are weak social bounds and social control. This is a Macro Level theory |
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Mertons Strain Theory |
When you can't get what you want they way you're supposed to you expierence strain macro level |
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Conflict Theory of Deviance |
Deviance arises when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups |
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Elite Deviance |
All aspects of white-collar crimes as well as other deviant acts perpetrated by those in power |
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Social Learning |
all behavior is is learned through social interaction |
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Social Control Theories |
Deviance is normal and conformity must be explained |
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Deterrence Theory |
In order to be effective the consequences must be swift, certain and severe |
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Social Stratification |
Form of inequality in which we are ranked in a hierarchy based on our access to resources |
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Systems of Stratification |
Caste: Closed, based on ascribed status Slavery: 2 groups, Free people and slaves Estate: Monopoly of power on ownership of land Social Class: Open, based on achieved status |
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What MARX says determines your social class |
Your relationship to the means of production |
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What WEBER says determines your social class |
Property: wealth Power: you can get people to do what you want Prestige: Respect and Admiration (The 3 P's) |
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Functional perspective - Davis and Moore Strat is good for society because... |
1. We need all jobs filled 2. Some jobs are more important 3. We want the best people in the most important jobs 4. they need incentive |
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Gans Hypothesis |
Even Poverty is FUNCTIONAL -we all benefit from people who will work for less money |
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Lifestyle |
The distinctive ways in which group members consume goods and services and diplay rank |
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Conspicuous Consumption |
Spending money to show off that you can afford it |
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Conspicuous Leisure |
Leisure for the sake of showing off |
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Socioeconomic Status |
a ranking that combines income, occupation prestige, level of education and neighborhood to define social class |
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Life-Chances (Weber) |
opportunities and obstacles one will encounter in areas critical to social mobility |
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Absolute Poverty |
when people fall below a minimum subsistence and are unable to function as members of societ |
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Relative Poverty |
a lack of resources relative to others and overall standards of society |
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Poverty Line |
3x the cost of a minimal diet |
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Culture of Poverty |
a set of norms, beliefs, values and attitudes that trap a small number of the urban poor in a permanent cycle of poverty (most sociologist disagree) |
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Race |
A group sharing apparent physical traits deemed by society to be socially significant |
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Ethnicity |
refers to status based on cultural heritage and shared "feelings of people-hood" |
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Minority Group |
a category of people set apart for unequal treatment because of physical or cultural characteristics (Don't have as much power, has nothing to do with numbers) |
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Stereotypes |
oversimplified ideas about a group |
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Prejudice |
preconceived judgement about a category of people not subject to chance with evidence |
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Discrimination |
unequal *treatment* of people because of their group membership |
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Racism |
beliefs and attitudes that one racial category is inherently superior of inferior to another |
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Sex |
biological and physical differences between females and males |
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Gender |
cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity in a society |
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Gender Roles |
the attitudes and behaviors considered masculine or feminine in a culture |
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Adrogyny |
a blending of masculine and feminine traits |
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Gender Identity |
acknowledging one's sex and internalizing the values, norms and behaviors of accompanying gender expectations |
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Hoschchild: The second shift strategies of resistance |
1. Playing Dumb 2. Substitute Offerings 3. waiting it out 4. reduction of needs |