Sociology Ch.7 C. Levy

Front 1

Commitment to conformity

Back 1

Committing to group and social norms, beliefs, and attitude towards something

Front 2

Containment theory

Back 2

It is a theory that says all humans are subject to criminal behavior, but many of us can resist this deviant behavior with the 2 buffers of inner and outer containment, and also that the probability of deviant behavior increases when the internal and external constraints weaken

Front 3

Contextual discrimination

Back 3

being discriminated or discriminating only in particular situations or cases.

Front 4

Differential association theory

Back 4

through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

Front 5

Differential reinforcement

Back 5

the implementation of reinforcing only the appropriate response (or behavior you wish to increase) and applying extinction to all other responses.

Front 6

Differential reinforcement theory

Back 6

Differential reinforcement aims to get rid of undesirable behaviors by using positive reinforcement in a structured manner to increase desirable behaviors.

Front 7

Differential social control

Back 7

a process of labeling that may produce a reevaluation of the self, which reflects actual or perceived appraisals made by others.

Front 8

Direct conditioning diversion program

Back 8

Behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others in a rehabilitation program.direct conditioning

Front 9

Dramatization of Evil

Back 9

As the negative feedback of law enforcement agencies, parents, friends, teachers, and other figures amplifies the force of the original label, stigmatized offenders may begin to reevaluate their own identities. The person becomes the thing he is described as being.

Front 10

Drift

Back 10

The view that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values

Front 11

Labeling theory

Back 11

the view of deviance according to which being labeled as a "deviant" leads a person to engage in deviant behavior

Front 12

Negative reinforcement

Back 12

Using either negative stimuli (punishment) or loss of reward (negative punishment) to curtail unwanted behaviors

Front 13

Neutralization theory

Back 13

Holds that offenders adhere to conventional values while "drifting" into periods of illegal behavior. In order to drift, people must first overcome (neutralize) legal and moral values

Front 14

Normative groups

Back 14

groups, such as the high school in-crowd, that conform to the social rules of society.

Front 15

Primary deviance

Back 15

Deviant acts that do not help redefine the self-image and public image of the offender

Front 16

Reflective role taking

Back 16

the phenomenon that occurs when youths who view themselves as delinquents give an inner voice to their perceptions of how significant other feel about them.

Front 17

Retrospective reading

Back 17

The reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label.

Front 18

Secondary deviance

Back 18

accepting deviant labels as a personal identity. Acts become secondary when they form a basis for self-concept

Front 19

Self control

Back 19

the ability to control oneself, in particular one's emotions and desires or the expression of them in one's behavior, especially in difficult situations.

Front 20

Social bond

Back 20

Ties a person has to the institutions and processes of society. According to Hirschi, elements of the social bond include commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief

Front 21

Social control theory

Back 21

The view that people commit crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakened or broken

Front 22

Social learning theory

Back 22

view that human behavior is modeled through observation of human social interactions, either directly from observing those who are close and from intimate contact, or indirectly through the media. Interactions that are reward are copied, while those that are punished are avoided.

Front 23

Social process theory

Back 23

view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.

Front 24

Social reaction theory

Back 24

view that people before criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. As known as labeling theory.

Front 25

Stigma

Back 25

an enduring label that taints a person's identity and changed him or her in the eyes of others.

Front 26

Subterranean values

Back 26

morally tinged influences that have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned. They exist side by side with conventional values and while condemned in public may be admired or practiced in private.

Front 27

Symbolic interaction theory

Back 27

sociological view that people communicate through symbols. People interpret symbolic communication and incorporate it within their personality. A person's view of reality, then depends on his or her interpretation of symbolic gestures.