Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Social Structure
|
underlying regularities and patterns in how people behave
|
|
|
Industrialization
|
rise in factories, people moved from rural to urban areas.
|
|
|
Durkheim's Theory: Division of Labor
|
specialization of tasks caused by the urban movement.
|
|
|
Auguste Comte
|
Sociology should contribute to humanity. Use of science to predict and control human behavior. Coined the term "Sociology"
|
|
|
Emile Durkheim
|
Focused on religion and suicide. His goal was to show how social forces (context) affect individual behavior.
|
|
|
Social facts
|
aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals
|
|
|
Types of suicide
|
egoistic, altruistic, anomic
|
|
|
Social Integration
|
ties to a social group
|
|
|
Karl Marx
|
Economy and cultural values help shape society. Capitalism linked to religion. As society became more modern (division of labor) we saw the development of bureaucracy.
|
|
|
Rationalization
|
organization of social, economic cultural life according to principles of efficiency.
|
|
|
Harriet Martineau
|
all key aspects of society must be studied, including female point of view. Must understand women's lives.
|
|
|
W.E.B. DuBois
|
first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard. Black society can never be understood if analyzed by white males. First social researcher to trace problems of blacks to social economic forces.
|
|
|
Symbolic Interaction
|
we construct the nature of our social world through interaction. interactions between people and groups in society based on social location.
|
|
|
Micro
|
our behaviors depend on the way we define ourselves and others. Society is the shared reality people construct through interaction. Reality is changeable.
|
|
|
Functionalism
|
"moral consensus" maintains order and stability in society
|
|
|
Manifest functions
|
intended consequences
|
|
|
Latent functions
|
unintended consequences
|
|
|
Macro
|
Functionalism and Class Conflict
|
|
|
Class Conflict
|
(marxism) see conflict and competition in society.
|
|
|
Power
|
ability of individuals or groups to make their interests count.
|
|
|
Ideology
|
ideas that justify the actions of the powerful.
|
|
|
Feminist Theory
|
gender patterns and inequality are not natural. Inequality has been socially constructed.
|
|
|
Sociological questions: three types
|
Factual, Comparative, and Developmental
|
|
|
Replication
|
replicate the study to see if the original study holds true
|
|
|
Population
|
group of interest in a survey
|
|
|
Surveys
|
questionnaires sent to or directly administered to a group
|
|
|
Sample
|
small proportion of the overall group.
Must be representative (mirror) the entire population |
|
|
Generalizability
|
extent to which findings from a sample can be applied to the population
|
|
|
Ethnography
|
firsthand studies using participant observation.
|
|
|
Content Analysis
|
examining content for symbolic information. Able to discover features in material that might go unnoticed.
|
|
|
Comparative Research
|
any of the research methods applied in a comparative context.
|
|
|
Ethics in Sociological Research
|
protect the subject, no misleading the subject. Must keep research objective. Researchers are subject to the Institutional Review Board.
|
|
|
Experiments
|
testing a hypothesis under controlled conditions. The findings are the power of social factors (roles) to shape individual behavior.
|
|
|
Correlation Relationship
|
a relationship between two sets of variables
|
|
|
Variable
|
a concept that can take on multiple values. Ex: gender
|
|
|
Causal Relationship
|
one event (variable) causes another
|
|
|
Independent Variable
|
produces an effect on another variable
|
|
|
Dependent Variable
|
the variable affected
|
|
|
Control Variable
|
hold certain variables constant to look at the effect of others
|
|
|
Operationalization
|
how you measure a variable
|
|
|
Culture
|
values, language, material culture, norms, of a given group. it is socially constructed, nothing natural about it.
|
|
|
Material Goods
|
physical objects a society creates
|
|
|
Values
|
abstract ideals
Ex: monogamy, individualism, competition, material wealth |
|
|
Society
|
system of interrelationships that connects individuals together. Societies must instill a willingness to comform.
|
|
|
Social control
|
punishing rule breaking, formal or informal means of control.
|
|
|
Subcultures
|
segment of the population distinguishable somehow from dominant society
|
|
|
Countercultures
|
groups that generally reject prevailing norms of society.
|
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
judging other cultures in terms of standards of one's own.
|
|
|
Cultureal Relativism
|
judging a society by its own standards.
|
|
|
Cultural Univerals
|
Marriage, Death, and Family
|
|
|
Values
|
Things we deem worthy (abstract ideals). Values shape our perception of reality
|
|
|
Socialization
|
the process by which children learn the norms and values of their social group
|
|
|
Nature vs. Nurture
|
Does nature (genetics) decide our sociological preferences, or do those around you influence it more?
|
|
|
Social Reproduction
|
the process whereby societies have structural continuity over time
|
|
|
G.H. Mead's 3 stages of Social Interaction
|
Infant: imitating
Children: take the role of the other Achieve self-awareness "me from I" |
|
|
Generalized Other
|
accomplished when children learn the values and morals of their culture. When we recognize what society expects of us and then act accordingly.
|
|
|
Agents of Socialization
|
Groups or social contexts in which processes of socialization occur.
Ex: Family, Schools, Peer Relationships, Mass Media |
|
|
Primary stage of socialization
|
occurs in infancy and childhood
|
|
|
Secondary stage of socialization
|
later childhood and into maturity
|
|
|
Gerbner,
Hodge & Tripp |
watched tv and 80% of programs he viewed contained some kind of violence.
Not the violence alone that affects behavior. No causal relationship between viewing violent imagery and violence. |
|
|
Social Roles
|
socially defined expectations that a person in a given social position follows.
|
|
|
Gender Roles
|
Social roles assigned to each sex labeled as masculine or feminine.
|
|
|
Sex
|
biology based
|
|
|
Gender
|
culture based
|
|
|
Sigmund Freud's "Penis Envy"
|
Boys: castration anxiety. Oedipus Complex - boy loves mom views dad as rival fears dad cut off penis.
Girl: wants a penis leads to desire for men. Inferior... |
|
|
Nancy Chodorow
|
Attachment to parents. Girls do not have to separate, dependent. Boys must break those ties early and feel separation.
|
|
|
Social Contruction of Reality (Symbolic Interaction)
|
Daily routines involving interaction give structure and form to what we do in our daily lives. Reveals how we act to creatively shape reality. Sheds light on larger social systems and institutions.
|
|
|
Civil Inattention (Erving Goffman)
|
Acknowledgment of others even when you don't know them. Like on the street.
|
|
|
Ethnomethodology
|
The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in day-to-day interaction. Shared understandings are presumed by those speaking.
|
|
|
Conversational Analysis
|
method that examines all facets of conversation for meaning.
|
|
|
Interactional Vandalism
|
subordiante person breaks rules of interaction. Ways to challenge social powers. More than physical assaults or verbal abuse, victims can't articulate what happened. Bridge between micro and macro.
|
|
|
Impression Management
|
preparing for the presentation of one's social role. We are sensitive to how others see us and so we compel others to react the way we wish. Presentation of self.
|
|
|
Ascribed status
|
assigned such as race, gender, age
|
|
|
Achieved status
|
earned through effort
|
|
|
Master status
|
determine a person's overall position in society
|
|
|
Goffman's front stage/back stage
|
Front stage - social encounters when individuals act out social roles.
Back stage - where individuals are able to relax and be informal |
|
|
Social Group
|
collection of people who share a common identity and regularly interact
|
|
|
Social Aggregate
|
collection of people who happen to be together but do not identify with each other.
|
|
|
Social Category
|
people sharing a common characteristic without interacting or identifying with each other.
|
|
|
Cohesion
|
strengthened by looking down on others. Prejudice: learned and reinforced by a group.
|
|
|
In-group
|
groups toward which one feels loyalty and respect.
|
|
|
Out-group
|
groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt (prejudice)
|
|
|
Primary Groups
|
small groups characterized by intimacy and strong sense of commitment.
|
|
|
Secondary Groups
|
large, impersonal, and involve fleeting relationships.
|
|
|
Charles Horton Cooley
|
primary groups were inherently fulfilling. Secondary groups exist to achieve a specific goal.
|
|
|
Reference Group
|
provides a standard for judging one's own attitudes or behaviors.
Ex: celebrities |
|
|
Dyad
|
simplest group consisting of two persons.
Stability of the groups depends o nthe size of group. |
|
|
Triad
|
three or more persons.
Tend to be more stable |
|
|
Solomon Asch
|
people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus.
|
|
|
Stanley Milgram's Obedience Studies
|
people will conform to authority even when orders have terrible consequences.
|
|
|
Networks
|
direct and indirect connections that link a person or group with other people or groups
|
|
|
Mark Granovetter
|
Upper level professionals likey to hear about new jobs through acquaintances or distant relatives. Lower socioeconomic groups have weak ties that are not necessarily bridges to better opportunities.
|
|
|
Organizations
|
group with identifiable membership that engages in collective actions to achieve common purpose.
|
|
|
Formal Organization
|
rationally designed to achieve objectives. In traditional societies people lived in small group settings. Families, friends, neighbors provided most of our needs. Now we are interdependent.
|
|
|
Max Weber
|
developed first systematic interpretation of rise of modern organizations. organizations are hierarchical with power concentrated at the top. Bureaucratic authority is the only way of coping with the requirements of large social systems.
|
|
|
Bureaucracy
|
rule of officials
|
|
|
Weber's ideal type of Bureaucracy
|
hierarch of authority. Written rules. Separation between work and personal life.
Members do not own resources |
|
|
Robert Merton's Dysfunctions of Bureaucracy
|
bureaucrats are strict with written rules
|
|
|
Bureaucratic ritualism
|
rules get upheld at any cost, even in the face of better solutions
|
|
|
Deviance
|
nonconformity to given set of norms generally accepted in society.
|
|
|
Norms
|
principles or rules we are expected to observe. We are all rule breakers and conformists. We are all deviant.
|
|
|
Social Power
|
Who decides what's normal? When we analyze conformity to or deviance from rules, we have to ask whose rules they are. Those in power benefit.
|
|
|
Theories of Deviance: Biological View
|
Cesare Lombroso: criminals could be identified by shape of skull.
Sheldon & the Glueck's: Mesomorph body type associated with delinquency. Focuses on the individual |
|
|
Theories of Deviance: Psychological iew
|
Theories associate criminality with particular personality types. Some criminals may possess characteristics distinct from general population. Something in their personality that makes them different from everyone else. Focuses on the individual.
|
|
|
Implied Solution
|
change/control the individual.
Explanation - solution |
|
|
Theories of Deviance: Sociological View
|
Functionalist Theories. Focuses on the group in its entirety.
|
|
|
Robert Merton
|
deviance is a by-product of economic inequality.
|
|
|
Strain Theory
|
Strain occurs when socially endorsed values conflict with reality. Within the individual.
|
|
|
Albert Cohen
|
saw contradictions in society as a source of crime. Responses occur in deviant subcultures within groups.
Ex: gangs |
|
|
Cloward and Ohlin
|
Gangs arise in communities where chances of achieving the cultural values are slim. Lack of opportunity is the main difference between criminals and non-criminals.
|
|
|
Deviance
|
is a socially constructed phenomenon
|
|
|
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
|
Individuals become delinquent by associating with people who carry criminal norms. Criminal activities are learned in the same way law-abiding activities are.
|
|
|
Labeling Theory
|
people become deviant when they are labeled so by authorities and others. Self fulfilling prophecy. Deviance results not from what people do, but how others respond.
|
|
|
Primary Deviation
|
initial act
|
|
|
Secondary Deviation
|
individual accepts the label and sees himself as deviant.
|
|
|
Conflict Theory
|
Power and inequality is the main characteristic of society. Laws are tools used by the powerful to maintain their privileged positions. But law enforcement focuses efforts on crimes of the lower classes.
|
|
|
Corporate Crime
|
harmful or illegal behaviors resulting from deliberate decision-making by corporate executives.
|
|
|
Political Crime
|
government policies that go against democratic principles and do harm.
|
