Sociology 101 Midterm Ch1-3

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theory

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a statement of how and why specific facts are related.

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structural functionalism

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a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

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conflict theory

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is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society

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Manifest functions

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conscious, the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

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Latent Functions

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unconscious and unintended

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symbolic interactionism

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A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

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Survey

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a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionaire or an interview

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Sample

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a small part of something intended as representative of the whole

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Participant Observation

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A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

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Culture

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The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.

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Norm

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A rule or authoritative standard; a model; a type

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Folkway

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norms for routine or casual interaction

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More

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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

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Subculture

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A portion of a culture distinguished by its customs or other features.

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Cultural Universal

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is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide

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Diffusion

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to describe the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another. It is distinct from the diffusion of innovations within a single culture.

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Ethnocentrism

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The tendency to look at and judge the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture

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Socialization

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The process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it.

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Ego

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Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

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Id

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Freud's term for the human being's basic drives

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Superego

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Freud's term for the cultural valuse and norms internalized by and individual

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Generalized Other

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Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves

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Looking Glass Self

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Charles Horton Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us

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Resocialization

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is a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment other than that which he or she is accustomed to.