Sociology 101 Chapter4

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Socialization-

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The lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.

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Harry Harlow conducted

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tests with monkeys raised away from contact with other monkeys finding they were fearful, easily frightened and did not make and also became abusive mothers; also found infant monkeys developed a greater need for social attachments than need for milk.

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Self-

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A distant identity that sets us apart from others.

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While some general behavioral propensities may be shaped by our genes, their...

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manifestation is dependent upon socialization and cultural context.

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Charles Horton Cooley proposed

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that we learn who we are by interacting with others; we use others as mirror through which we develop our impressions of our self; display process of developing self identity.

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The Process of developing a self-identity, or self-concept, has three phases:

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(Charles Horton Cooley)
1. we imagine how others see us.
2. then imagine how ohers evaluate what we think they see.
3. We define ourself as a result of these impressions

Happens during each of our interactions.

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Looking-glass self-

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A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions.

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i-

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Th acting self that exists in relation to the me.

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According to Cooley-

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Self results from our "imagination" of how others view us. As result, we can develop self identities based on incorrect perceptions of how others see us.

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George Herbert Mead

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Expanded upon Cooley's theory that we become our self through interactions with others; Argued there are two core components of self: "I" and the "Me."; as we grow up, we develope sense of who people are, how they fit together, and where we might fit into that map.; described three stage process of self development; the preparatory stage, the play stage, and the game stage.

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The Me____
The i____

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Me- plans and judges
i- acts

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it is through interactions with others that we...

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get social expectations of the Me

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In George Herbert Mead' three stage process of self development, the preparatory stage (stage1)-

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last till about age three children imitate people around them.

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In George Herbert Mead' three stage process of self development, the play stage (stage2)-

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age three to five children pretend to be other people; important part of play stage is role taking- the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint.

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In George Herbert Mead' three stage process of self development, the game stage (stage 3)-

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six to nine years of age ; begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously

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Me-

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The socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others.

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symbol-

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A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication.

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Role taking-

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The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint.

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Generalized other-

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The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior.

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Significant other-

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Individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher.

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Impression management-

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The altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.

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Face-work-

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The efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment.

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Jean Piaget four states in the developement of children's thought processes is described as
1. Sensorimotor-
2 Preoperational-
3 Concrete operational-
4 Formal Operational-

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1. uses their senses to make discoveries
2.uses symbols to distinguish objects and ideans.
3. engage in more logical thinking
4. become capable of sophisticated thought; can deal with ideas and values in a logical manner.

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what is the most important agent of socialization

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the family is the most important agent of socialization

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Cognitive theory of developement-

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the theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of developement.

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As children grow older, the family becomes

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less important in social developement and peer groups increasingly assume role of signigifcant other

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Gender role-

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Expectations regarding the proper beharior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

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according to the Adlers and Kess -elementary school study in 1992- to be popular as a boy is...

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to be athletic, tough, and not too academic

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according to the Adlers and Kess -elementary school study in 1992- to be popular as a girl is

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to be attractive, able to manipulate others using social skills, and to come from a family wealthy enough to permit shopping for the latest cool stuff

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Through social networks like facebook, myspace and blackplanet we can establish and extend networks with friends both known and unknown but this new technology can lead to

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narrowcasting, in which we interact mainly with people who are most like ourselves. this can limit our number of significant relationships we have with people with whome we might share fundamental differences, thus weakening conflict resolution skills.