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120 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Alice, age seven, lives in a private home with her parents, her grandmother, and her aunt. Alice’s family is an example of a(n)
a. nuclear family.
b. dysfunctional family.
c. extended family.
d. polygynous family.
extended family
In which form of marriage may a person have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time?
a. serial monogamy b. monogamy c. polygamy d. polyandry
serial monogamy
The marriage of a woman to more than one man at the same time is referred to as a. polygyny.
b. monogamy. c. serial monogamy. d. polyandry.
polyandry
Which system of descent is followed in the United States? a. matrilineal
b. patrilineal c. bilateral d. unilateral
bilateral
According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is not one of the paramount functions performed by the family?
a. mediation b. reproduction c. regulation of sexual behavior d. affection and companionship
mediation
Which norm requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one’s own family or certain kinfolk?
a. exogamy b. endogamy
c. matriarchy d. patriarchy
exogamy
According to the discussion of social class differences in family life and intimate relationships, which of the following statements is true?
a. Social class differences in family life are more striking than they once were.
b. The upper class emphasizes lineage and maintenance of family position.
c. Among the poor, women usually play an insignificant role in the economic support of the family.
d. In examining family life among racial and ethnic minorities, most patterns result from cultural, but not class, factors.
The upper class emphasizes lineage and maintenance of family position.
One recent development in family life in the United States has been the extension of parenthood as adult children continue to live at home or return home after college. The reason for this is
a. the rising divorce rate. b. skyrocketing rent and real estate prices. c. financial difficulties. d. all of the above
all of the above
In the United States, the majority of all babies born to unmarried teenage mothers are born to whom?
a. African American adolescents b. White adolescents c. Latina adolescents d. Asian American adolescents
White adolescents
Which of the following factors is associated with the high divorce rate in the United States?
a. the liberalization of divorce laws b. the fact that contemporary families have fewer children than earlier
families did c. the general increase in family incomes d. all of the above
all of the above
The principle of ____________________ assigns people to kinship groups according to their relationship to an individual’s mother or father.
descent
____________________ emerged among Native American tribal societies, and in nations in which men were absent for long periods because of warfare or
food-gathering expeditions.
matriarchies
In the view of many sociologists, the ____________________ family has begun to replace the patriarchal family as the social norm in the United States
egalitarian
As ____________________ theorists point out, the social class of couples and their children significantly influences the socialization experiences to which the children are exposed, and the protection they receive.
conflict
____________________ focus on the micro level of family and other intimate relationships; for example, they are interested in whether people are cohabiting partners or are longtime married couples.
interactionists
The rule of ____________________ specifies the groups within which a spouse must be found and prohibits marriage with others.
endogamy
Social class differences in family life are less striking today than they once were; however, in the past, ____________________ -class families were found to be more authoritarian in rearing children and more inclined to use physical punishment.
lower
Caring for children is a(n) ____________________ function of the family, yet the ways in which different societies assign this function to family members can vary significantly.
universal
Viewed from the ____________________ perspective, the government has a strong interest in encouraging adoption
functionalist
The rising rates of divorce and remarriage have led to a noticeable increase in ____________________ relationships
stepfamily
Which of the following sociologists stressed the social impact of religion and was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?
a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Talcott Parsons
Émile Durkheim
A Roman Catholic parish church offers services in the native language of an immigrant community. This is an example of
a. the integrative function of religion. b. the social support function of religion. c. the social control function of religion. d. none of the above
integrative function of religion
Sociologist Max Weber pointed out that the followers of John Calvin emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life. Collectively, this point of view has been referred to as
a. capitalism. b. the Protestant ethic. c. the sacred. d. the profane.
Protestant ethic.
The use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice evident in a secular society is referred to as
a. creationism. b. ritualism. c. religious experience. d. liberation theology.
liberation theology.
Many people in the United States strongly adhere to the biblical explanation of the beginning of the universe. Adherents of this point of view are known as
a. liberationists. b. creationists.
c. ritualists. d. experimentalists.
creationists
The Adam and Eve account of creation found in Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, is an example of a religious
a. ritual. b. experience. c. custom. d. belief.
belief
Which of the following is not an example of an ecclesia? a. the Lutheran church in Sweden b. Islam in Saudi Arabia c. Buddhism in Thailand
d. the Episcopal church in the United States
Episcopal church in the United States
Religion defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine. These are
____________________ functions of religion. a. manifest b. latent c. positive
d. negative
manifest
Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society?
a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. all of the above
functionalist
John Calvin, a leader of the Protestant Reformation, emphasized a. disciplined work ethic. b. this-worldly concerns. c. a rational orientation to life.
d. all of the above
all of the above
The ____________________ encompasses elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, which includes the ordinary and the commonplace.
sacred; profane
Religion defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine. These are ____________________ functions of religion.
manifest
____________________ is the largest single faith in the world; the second largest is ____________________
Christianity; Islam
____________________ ____________________ are statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
religious beliefs
A(n) ____________________ is a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion.
ecclesia
Because they are ____________________, most religions tend to reinforce men’s dominance in secular as well as spiritual matters.
patriarchal
17. The single largest denomination in the United States is ____________________ ____________________.
Roman Catholicism
18. The “big bang” theory is challenged by ____________________, who hold to the biblical account of creation of humans and the universe.
creationists
19. Unlike ecclesiae and denominations, ____________________ require intensive commitments and demonstrations of belief by members.
sects
A possible dysfunction of ____________________ ____________________ would be the belief that when Roman Catholics focus on political and governmental injustice,
the clergy are no longer addressing people’s personal and spiritual needs.
liberation theology
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus?
a. the functionalist perspective b. the conflict perspective c. the interactionist perspective d. labeling theory
functionalist
Which one of the following was introduced into school systems to promote social change?
a. sex education classes b. affirmative action programs c. Project Head Start d. all of the above
labeling theory
The correspondence principle was developed by a. Max Weber. b. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. c. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis.
d. James Thurber.
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
The student subculture that is hostile to the college environment and seeks out ideas that may or may not relate to studies is called the
a. collegiate subculture. b. academic subculture.
c. vocational subculture. d. nonconformist subculture.
nonconformist
Most recent research on ability grouping raises questions about its a. effectiveness, especially for lower-achieving students. b. failure to improve the prospects of higher-achieving students. c. ability to improve the prospects of lower- and higher-achieving students. d. both a and b
effectiveness, especially for lower-achieving students
The most basic manifest function of education is a. transmitting knowledge. b. transmitting culture. c. maintaining social control.
d. serving as an agent of change.
transmitting knowledge.
Fifty years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force of the United States. Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum. This change reflects the process of
a. tracking. b. credentialism. c. the hidden curriculum. d. the correspondence principle.
credentialism
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force and that the educational system of the United States is structured with that objective in mind. Citing numerous studies, they offer support for what they call
a. tracking. b. credentialism. c. the correspondence principle. d. the teacher-expectancy effect.
correspondence
The teacher-expectancy effect is most closely associated with a. the functionalist perspective. b. the conflict perspective.
c. the interactionist perspective. d. anomie theory.
interactionist
Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy, all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level. Which of the following is not one of them?
a. division of labor b. written rules and regulations c. impersonality d. shared decision making
shared decision making
The ____________________ perspective stresses the importance of education in transmitting culture, maintaining social control, and promoting social change.
functionalist
In the past, the integrative function of education was most obvious through its emphasis on promoting a common __________________
language
The ____________________ subculture identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake.
academic
____________________ and ____________________ are major issues in constructing any test, but rarely are they totally resolved.
validity; reliability
Women’s education tends to suffer in those cultures with traditional ____________________ ____________________.
gender roles
Schools perform a variety of ____________________ functions, such as transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, and maintaining social control.
latent
Sociologist ____________________ ____________________ points out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to information, to hold more diverse
opinions, and to possess the ability to make subtle distinctions in analysis.
Robin Williams
The term ____________________ ____________________ refers to standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. According to this curriculum, children must not speak until the teacher calls on them and must regulate their activities according to the clock or the bell.
hidden curriculum
____________________ is the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria.
tracking
Of the four distinctive subcultures among college students discussed in the text, the ____________________ subculture is interested primarily in career prospects, and views college as a means of obtaining degrees that are essential for advancement.
vocational
Which one of the following is a cultural universal?
a. religion b. the political system c. family d. all of the above
all of the above
A king or queen is accepted as ruler of a nation simply by virtue of inheriting the crown. This is an example of
a. totalitarianism. b. charismatic authority. c. traditional authority. d. rational-legal authority.
traditional authority
Totalitarian states typically control which of the following institutions? a. family
b. economy c. politics d. all of the above
all of the above
G. William Domhoff’s model is an example of a. an elite theory of power.
b. a pluralist theory of power. c. a functionalist theory of power. d. an interactionist theory of power.
functionalist theory of power
In terms of voter turnout, the United States typically ranks a. highest among all countries.
b. highest among industrial nations. c. lowest among industrial nations. d. lowest among all countries.
lowest among industrial nations
Political scientist Harold Lasswell defined politics as a. the struggle for power and authority. b. the allocation of valued resources. c. who gets what, when, and how.
d. a cultural universal.
who gets what, when, and how
What are the three basic sources of power within any political system? a. force, influence, and authority b. force, influence, and democracy c. force, legitimacy, and charisma
d. influence, charisma, and bureaucracy
force, influence, and authority
Which of the following is not part of the classification system of authority developed by Max Weber?
a. traditional authority b. pluralist authority c. legal-rational authority d. charismatic authority
pluralist authority
According to C. Wright Mills, power rests in the hands of the a. people. b. representative democracy. c. aristocracy.
d. power elite.
power elite.
The use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims is referred to as
a. politics. b. power. c. authority. d. terrorism.
terrorism
11. ____________________ is the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one’s will on others.
force
12. In most of today’s____________________, kings and queens have little practical power.
monarchies
13. The elite model of political power implies that the U.S. has a(n) ____________________ as its form of government.
oligarchy
14. As of mid-2009, only ____________________ out of 100 United States senators were women.
14
Sexism has been the most serious barrier to women interested in holding public office. To remedy this situation, many countries have adopted ____________________ for
female representatives.
quotas
16. ____________________ is the exercise of power through a process of persuasion.
influence
17. Joan of Arc, Gandhi, Malcolm X, Adolf Hitler, and Martin Luther King Jr., all possessed ____________________ authority.
charismatic
18. ____________________ involves virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society’s social and political life.
totalitarianism
The United States is commonly classified as a(n)____________________ ____________________, because the elected members of Congress and state legislatures
make our laws.
representative democracy
20. Advocates of the ____________________ model suggest that competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.
pluralist
Which two basic types of economic system distinguish contemporary industrial societies?
a. capitalism and communism b. capitalism and socialism c. socialism and communism d. capitalism and dictatorship
capitalism and socialism
According to the discussion of capitalism in the text, which of the following statements is true?
a. The means of production are held largely in private hands. b. The main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. c. The degree to which the government regulates private ownership and economic activity will vary. d. all of the above
all of the above
Which sociological perspective points out that while pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy of the United States, competition is much more restricted than one might expect in what is called a free enterprise system?
a. the functionalist perspective b. the conflict perspective c. the interactionist perspective d. labeling theory
conflict
Which of the following is not an example of the informal economy? a. trading a haircut for a computer lesson b. selling illegal drugs on the street c. working as a computer programmer for a major corporation d. providing child care out of a private home, without reporting the income to
the IRS
working as a computer programmer for a major corporation
The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants is called
a. deindustrialization. b. downsizing. c. postindustrialization. d. gentrification.
deindustrialization
Karl Marx is associated with which of the following concepts? a. anomie b. assimilation c. apartheid
d. alienation
alienation
Sociologists and labor specialists foresee a workforce increasingly composed of a. women. b. racial minorities. c. ethnic minorities.
d. all of the above
all of the above
Currently, ____________________ ____________________ refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
a. equal rights b. affirmative action c. work programs d. equal action
affirmative action
The principle of laissez-faire was expounded and endorsed by the British economist a. John Maynard Keynes. b. Adam Smith.
c. Paul Samuelson. d. Arthur Scargill.
Adam Smith.
Which sociologist, using the interactionist perspective, noted that “one key source of job satisfaction lies in the informal interaction shared by members of a work group”?
a. Robert Blauner b. Donald Roy c. George Ritzer d. Karl Marx
Robert Blauner
11. The term ____________________ ____________________ refers to the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
economic system
The principle of____________________ ____________________, as expounded and endorsed by the British economist Adam Smith, was the prevailing form of
capitalism immediately following the Industrial Revolution.
laissez-faire
Under ____________________, the means of production and distribution in a society are collectively rather than privately owned, and the basic objective of the economic
system is to meet people’s needs rather than to maximize profits.
socialism
____________________ is an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made based on people’s ability to produce.
communism
The term ____________________ was introduced in 1987 to refer to reductions taken in a company’s workforce as part of deindustrialization
downsizing
16. A(n) ____________________ society depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.
industrial
____________________ theorists point out that while pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy of the United States, competition is much more restricted
than one might expect in what is called a free enterprise system.
conflict
18. Émile Durkheim argued that as labor becomes more and more differentiated, individuals experience ____________________, or loss of direction.
anomie
19. Most studies of ____________________ have focused on factors that serve to increase or decrease worker satisfaction.
alientation
20. Some capitalist nations, such as the United States, outlaw ____________________ through antitrust legislation.
monopolies
Which sociologist developed the concept of the sick role?
a. Émile Durkheim b. Talcott Parsons c. C. Wright Mills d. Erving Goffman
Émile Durkheim
Regarding health care inequities, the conflict perspective would note that
a. physicians serve as “gatekeepers” for the sick role, either verifying a patient’s condition as “illness” or designating the patient as “recovered.”
b. patients play an active role in health care by failing to follow a physician’s advice.
c. emigration out of the Third World by physicians is yet another way that the world’s core industrialized nations enhance their quality of life at the expense of developing countries.
d. the designation “healthy” or “ill” generally involves social definition by others.
emigration out of the Third World by physicians is yet another way that the world’s core industrialized nations enhance their quality of life at the expense of developing countries.
Which one of the following nations has the lowest infant mortality rate? a. the United States
b. Mozambique c. Canada d. Sweden
Sweden
Compared with Whites, Blacks have higher death rates from a. heart disease.
b. diabetes. c. cancer. d. all of the above
all of the above
Which theorist notes that capitalist societies, such as the United States, care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of industrial workers?
a. Thomas Szasz b. Talcott Parsons c. Erving Goffman d. Karl Marx
Karl Marx
Which program is essentially a compulsory health insurance plan for the elderly? a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Blue Cross
d. Healthpac
Medicare
Which of the following is a criticism of the sick role? a. Patients’ judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to
their gender, age, social class, and ethnic group. b. The sick role may be more applicable to people experiencing short-term illnesses than to those with recurring long-term illnesses. c. Even such simple factors as whether a person is employed or not seem to
affect the person’s willingness to assume the sick role. d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following terms do conflict theorists use in referring to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control?
a. the sick role b. the medicalization of society c. medical labeling d. epidemiology
medicalization of society
According to sociologists and environmentalists, which one of the following is not a basic function that the natural environment serves for humans?
a. It provides the resources essential for life. b. It serves as a waste depository. c. It provides a natural setting for social inequalities. d. It “houses” our species.
provides a natural setting for social inequalities.
Conflict theorists would contend that blaming developing countries for the world’s environmental deterioration contains an element of
a. ethnocentrism. b. xenocentrism. c. separatism. d. goal displacement.
ethnocentrism
____________________ affects the way people interact with doctors and healers, the way they relate to their families when they are sick, and even the way they think about health.
culture
From a(n) ____________________ perspective, “being sick” must be controlled so as to ensure that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time.
functionalist
The immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries is known as the____________________ ____________________.
brain damage
14. Traditionally, the relationship between doctors and nurses has paralleled ____________________ dominance of the larger society.
male
Sociologists find it useful to consider ____________________ rates because they reveal that a specific disease occurs more frequently among one segment of a population compared with another.
morbidity
The system of reimbursement used by Medicare has contributed to the controversial practice of “____________________,” under which patients whose treatment may be unprofitable are transferred by private hospitals to public facilities.
dumping
As defined by the World Health Organization, ____________________ is a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.”
health
In an application of the ____________________ ____________________ perspective, sociologists suggest that the natural environment serves three basic functions for humans and for many animal species.
human ecological
Regarding environmental problems, four broad areas of concern stand out: ____________________ pollution, ____________________ pollution,
____________________ ____________________, and ____________________.
air; water; global warming; globalization
____________________ ____________________ is a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards.
environmental justice