Sociology 101 - Midterm 2

Front 1

Who was the 6th most cited author in the humanities in 2007; Symbolic Interactionist Studied Dramaturgical Approach ("front stage" social setting vs. "backstage" private setting)

Back 1

Erving Goffman

Front 2

Conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object, or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.

Back 2

Impression management

Front 3

Social roles assigned to each sex and labeled as masculine or feminine.

Back 3

Gender roles

Front 4

List the Stages of Cognitive Development; who developed it?

Back 4

Sensorimotor Stage - Dominated by perception and touch (age 0-4mo)

Preoperational Stage - Basic modes of logical thought (age 2-7)

Concrete Operational Stage - Thinking based on perception of world (age 7-11)

Formal Operational Stage - Capable of abstract and hypothetical thoughts (11-15)

Jean Piaget

Front 5

Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering. (Children select/interpret what they see, hear, and feel)

Back 5

Cognition

Front 6

Define the "generalized other;" who's theory is this in concept of?

Back 6

The individual comes to understand the general values of a given group of society during the socialization process.

G. H. Mead

Front 7

Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others acquired through socialization - seeing yourself as others see you.

Back 7

Self consciousness

Front 8

What is the "Theory of Self?" Who came up with it?

Back 8

The self, the part of one's personality composed of self-awareness and self image, emerges through social interaction.

G. H. Mead

Front 9

What is the "social self?" Who came up with it?

Back 9

The basis of self-consciousness in human individuals; the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others.

G. H. Mead

Front 10

What is "self-identity?"

Back 10

The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.

(I am a distinct individual)

Front 11

What is "mass media?"

Back 11

Forms of communication such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet designed to reach mass audiences

Front 12

A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status is an example of what?

Back 12

Peer group

Front 13

Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place are examples of what?

Back 13

Agents of socialization

Front 14

The social processes through which children develop and awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self is what?

Back 14

Socialization

Front 15

The process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each other's presence is what?

Back 15

Civil Inattention

Front 16

A meeting between two or more people in situations of face to face interaction that results in focused interaction is what?

Back 16

An encounter.

Front 17

The physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others is what?

Back 17

Personal space

Front 18

The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day to day social interaction is what?

Back 18

Ethnomethodology

Front 19

The deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation

Back 19

Interactional Vandalism

Front 20

Define bureaucracy.

Back 20

A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time salaried officials

Front 21

A “pure type,” constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality is what?

Back 21

Ideal Type

Front 22

The supervising of the activities of some individuals or groups by others in order to ensure compliant behavior is an example of what?

Back 22

Surveillance

Front 23

A residential environment (or possible work environment) whose physical characteristics – building layout and site plan – function to allow inhabitants themselves to become key agents in ensuring their security is what?

Back 23

Defensible space.

Front 24

What is the McDonaldization of society?

Back 24

Efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and control through automationMaximization of efficiency and minimization of human responsibility

Front 25

What is an oligarchy?

Back 25

Rule by a small minority within an organization or society

Front 26

Define Information and communication technology.

Back 26

Forms of technology based on information processing and requiring microelectronic circuitry.

Front 27

What is crime?

Back 27

Any action or actions that go against the laws established by a political authority

Front 28

Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society is an example of what?

Back 28

Deviance

Front 29

What are Deviant Subcultures?

Back 29

Subcultures whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority

Front 30

What is a mode of reward or punishment that reinforces expected forms of behavior?

Back 30

Sanction

Front 31

What kind of theory is one that views crimes as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it. Control theorists hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls?

Back 31

Control Theory

Front 32

What is Broken Window Theory?

Back 32

A criminological theory of the norm-setting and signaling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior.

Front 33

What is Differential Association?

Back 33

An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed byEwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned throughassociation with others who regularly engage in crime

Front 34

What does David Gauntlett do?

Back 34

Contemporary Sociologist and communication/media theorist:

WEB 2.0 is the creative wave that brings us all together

Front 35

Define Empirical Investigation.

Back 35

Factual inquiries carried out in any area of sociological study

Front 36

What did Robert Merton come up with?

Back 36

Manifest functions arethose known to, and intended by, the participants in a social activity. (goingto college to learn)

Latent functions areconsequences of that activity of which participants are unaware (being socialat college)

Front 37

What is Social Identity?

Back 37

Thecharacteristics that are attributed to an individual by others; can have manysimultaneous identities

Front 38

What do we mean by culture and socialization?

Sociologically?
How does it affect the Sociological Imagination?

Cultural Relativism?

Back 38

Culture - The values, norms, andmaterial culture of a given group.

Socialization – the social processes through which people/childrendevelop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense ofself

Front 39

Define Ethnocentrism.

Back 39

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one’s ownculture, and thereby misrepresent them.

Front 40

Define Ethnography.

Back 40

Firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing.

Front 41

Define "Marxism;" what did Karl Marx believe about society?

Back 41

Those with power, resources, or social capital control the poor and less advantaged.

The Bourgeoisie (who controlled means of production) were exploiting The Proletariat (the workers), who would eventually rise up and create a new government of equal labor/pay. Those with power, resources, or social capital control the poor.