Social Psychology - Exam I

Front 1

3 key elements of social psychology

Back 1

- person
- situation
- perception

Front 2

Why there are no truly objective situations.

Back 2

People construe situations differently.

Front 3

dispositional attribution

Back 3

Assumption that a person's behavior is the result of PERSONALITY (disposition) rather than PRESSURES existing in the situation.

Front 4

variables that increase conformity

Back 4

- unanimity
* 3 or more in majority

- group characteristics
* experts
* importance
* similarity

Front 5

variables that decrease conformity

Back 5

- ally
- accountability
- commitment to initial judgment
- the person
* high self-esteem
* culture
- prior success

Front 6

reasons for conforming

Back 6

- avoid punishment / gain reward
- information in unclear situations

Front 7

responses to social influence

Back 7

- compliance
- identification
- internalization

Front 8

compliance (motivating factor)

Back 8

- desire to gain reward / avoid punishment

Front 9

compliance (permanence)

Back 9

- lasts only as long as reward or punishment is present

Front 10

compliance (key component)

Back 10

- power of influencer

Front 11

identification (motivating factor)

Back 11

- desire to be like the influencer

Front 12

identification (key component)

Back 12

- attractiveness of person identified

Front 13

internalization (motivating factor)

Back 13

- the desire to be right

Front 14

internalization (key component)

Back 14

- credibility of the person supplying information

Front 15

secondary gain

Back 15

Discovering something about our actions that makes it worthwhile to continue the behavior even after the original reason for compliance (reward or punishment) is no longer there.

Front 16

factors affecting obedience

Back 16

- physical absence of authority figure
- physical proximity to subject
- legitimate authority

Front 17

bystander effect

Back 17

presence of another bystander tends to inhibit action

Front 18

reasons for bystander apathy

Back 18

- diffusion of responsibility
- ambiguity of situation as emergency

Front 19

factors that decrease bystander apathy

Back 19

- definition of situation as an emergency
- common fate
- no escape from situation
- little cost
- appraisal of whether their help will really benefit the victim

Front 20

education

Back 20

- act of imparting knowledge or skill

Front 21

propoganda

Back 21

- systematic propagation of a given doctrine

Front 22

groupthink

Back 22

- deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures (to preserve friendly intra-group relations)
- cohesive group isolated from dissenting views

Front 23

6 problems in decision making

Back 23

1. discussions limited to a few alternatives
2. do not re-examine initial decision
3. neglect course of action initially evaluated (other potential options)
4. no attempt to gain information from experts
5. selective bias
6. failure to work out contingency plans

Front 24

how to reduce groupthink

Back 24

- assign critical evaluator
- encourage dissent
- call in an objective outsider to challenge the group
- play devil's advocate

Front 25

social norms

Back 25

- rules within a given group suggesting what is appropriate

Front 26

two types of social norms

Back 26

- descriptive
- injunctive

Front 27

descriptive norm

Back 27

- describe what most people do in a given situation
- informs us of what is seen as ADAPTIVE / beneficial

Front 28

injunctive

Back 28

- specifies what OUGHT to be done (what is approved or disapproved in given situation)

Front 29

value-laden labels

Back 29

- what words we use to describe conformity can give "conformity" different meanings

Front 30

social facilitation

Back 30

- when the presence of others is energizing

Front 31

social facilitation - perform better when task is ______

Back 31

- simple

Front 32

social facilitation - perform worse when task is ______

Back 32

- complicated

Front 33

social loafing

Back 33

- individual performance cannot be evaluated
- perform better in complex tasks
- perform worse in simple tasks

Front 34

how to reduce social loafing

Back 34

- individual evaluation

Front 35

credibility

Back 35

- expert
- trustworthy

Front 36

factors that increase trustworthiness

Back 36

- when communicator has nothing to gain by persuading us
- when message conflicts with communicator's own self-interest
- when we think communicator is not trying to influence or persuade us

Front 37

self-esteem & fear appeal

Back 37

- high self-esteem are more moved by fear than those with low self-esteem

Front 38

fear messages require _____

Back 38

- specific instructions

Front 39

fear messages without specific instructions will _________

Back 39

- influence attitudes and intentions, bbut not actual behavior

Front 40

primacy effect

Back 40

- first argument most effective
- 1st inhibits the 2nd argument

Front 41

recency effect

Back 41

- last argument most effective
- most retention from most recent