Social Psychology 2C03 - Exam

Front 1

Social _________ occurs when an individual is working alone in the presence of others.

Back 1

Facilitation

Front 2

Social _______ occurs when people are working together towards a common goal.

Back 2

Loafing

Front 3

Social facilitation leads to increased performance of which types of tasks?

Back 3

Simple, well-learned

Front 4

What type of task would lead to decreased performance, if social facilitation is at work?

Back 4

Complex, novel

Front 5

In a group, does each individual contribute more or less?

Back 5

Less (loafing)

Front 6

Triplett's original theory of social facilitation stated what?

Back 6

In the presence of others, performance is always improved.

Front 7

What was the flaw in Triplett's original social facilitation theory?

Back 7

Performance is sometimes worse in the presence of others.

Front 8

What did Triplett's experiment with children and fishing reels demonstrate?

Back 8

The presence of others can enhance performance.

Front 9

What observation prompted Triplett to conduct his experiments?

Back 9

Cyclists had better race times when competing against others

Front 10

An audience facilitates one's ________ response for a task.

Back 10

Dominant

Front 11

According to Zajonc, why does being around others change our performance on an individual task?

Back 11

It increases arousal

Front 12

What is a dominant response?

Back 12

The response you would have had to an event, without external influences.

Front 13

_______ is due to the mere presence of others.

Back 13

Arousal

Front 14

If arousal is at a(n) _______ level, then performance will be optimal.

Back 14

Optimal

Front 15

True or False: Optimal arousal is the same for every task.

Back 15

False

Front 16

Adam is giving a piano recital. He has practised the piece dozens of times, and knows it well. How will his performance be altered by his audience?

Back 16

It will be improved; it is a well-learned task

Front 17

Sophia is about perform in a dance competition. She often gets nervous on stage (dominant response), though she practices very hard. What is her likely response going to be?

Back 17

Poor performance
=> Even though she practices, her stage fright makes her dominant response to do worse, so the extra arousal will make her freeze up.

Front 18

True or False: Any person will cause an increase in arousal, even if they are blindfolded, deafened, or are not attending to you.

Back 18

True.

Front 19

Explain why the social facilitation theory makes sense from an evolutionary perspective.

Back 19

Any other individual around you could be a possible predator, so increased performance due to arousal could help you stay alive.

Front 20

What did the pool hall quasi field experiment demonstrate?

Back 20

An audience brings out the dominant response in a person's performance.

Front 21

When someone was watching them play, the good pool players got _______ to/from optimal arousal and the bad players got ________ to/from optimal arousal.

Back 21

Closer to
Further from

Front 22

Define the Yerkes-Dodson Law.

Back 22

Performance is a function of arousal level.

Front 23

In the modified Yerkes-Dodson Law, ________ arousal for a task differs according to task ________.

Back 23

Optimal
Difficulty

Front 24

What two other theories are associated with Mere Presence and Social Facilitation?

Back 24

Evaluation Apprehension
Distraction

Front 25

Define "evaluation apprehension".

Back 25

The thought of someone evaluating your performance, which distracts you and upsets you.

Front 26

When working alone but in a social situation, _________ changes depending on one's _________ response.

Back 26

Performance
Dominant

Front 27

When coming up with an explanation, what does Occam's Razor suggest that you do?

Back 27

Take the simplest available explanation

Front 28

What concept did Ringelmann the agriculturalist discover in the 1880's?

Back 28

Social Loafing

Front 29

Describe Triplett's results in the fishing reel experiment.

Back 29

Children reeled faster when competing against other children, than if they were alone.

Front 30

Describe Ringelmann's observations of the tests he conducted on his workers.

Back 30

When alone, each man could pull 50lbs more than when he was in a group.

Front 31

What did Ringelmann attribute decreased group performance to? What is the more likely explanation?

Back 31

Reduced co-ordination
Loss of motivation is more likely

Front 32

What did Ingham et al.'s tug-of-war experiment demonstrate?

Back 32

Motivation decreases as group size increases.

Front 33

As the number of confederates "pulling" behind the subject increased in the tug-of-war experiment, the strength of the subject ________ in a _________ fashion.

Back 33

Decreased
Stepwise

Front 34

A blue chick will ______ loaf. A yellow chick will ______ loaf.

Back 34

Never
Sometimes

Front 35

People loaf because they're not worried about their performance being ________.

Back 35

Evaluated

Front 36

Are males more or less likely to loaf, compared to women?

Back 36

More likely to loaf

Front 37

What three factors influence whether individuals will loaf?

Back 37

Group make-up
Task importance
Culture

Front 38

Is a person more likely to loaf around strangers or friends?

Back 38

Strangers, you don't care about them

Front 39

Is a Japanese person more or less likely to loaf than an American person?

Back 39

Less likely to loaf

Front 40

People who _____ _____ will usually loaf.

Back 40

Don't care, are apathetic

Front 41

True or False: Collectivist cultures usually loaf in groups.

Back 41

False.

Front 42

Men are less likely to loaf when there is a(n) __________ _______ in their group.

Back 42

Attractive woman

Front 43

What does "diffusion of evaluation" mean?

Back 43

It refers to the group being evaluated as a whole, and the efforts of each individual diffusing into one

Front 44

What did Williams & Karan's experiment on Social Compensation demonstrate?

Back 44

In teamwork, if an individual knows that their team-mate is going to loaf, they will put in extra effort to compensate.

Front 45

Describe the results of Williams & Karan's experiment about the uses of butter knives.

Back 45

The subjects who knew that their team-mate was less than enthusiastic about the experiment managed to come up with significantly more uses for a butter knife than those who thought their team-mate was going to put effort in.

Front 46

Preferences survive only if they optimize ______ _______.

Back 46

Reproductive success

Front 47

In the butter knife experiment, subjects with a low-effort partner had _____ uses than the control, and those with a high-effort partner had _____ uses than the control.

Back 47

More
Less

Front 48

Parental Investment Theory: ______ size is analogous of parental investment.

Back 48

Gamete

Front 49

Women are _____ and men are _______.

Back 49

Choosy
Opportunistic

Front 50

Name three factors that contribute to higher cost of childbearing and rearing in women.

Back 50

-fewer, larger gametes
-must carry the fetus through gestation
-childbirth may result in death
-must provide for the child out of the womb

Front 51

Why are women ultimately more choosy?

Back 51

Because it costs them so much more to have a child.

Front 52

What new technology/invention is changing the way both sexes approach copulation?

Back 52

Birth control

Front 53

Women pay attention to ____-term implications of mating, while men think about the _____-term.

Back 53

Long
Short

Front 54

In ______ countries, single-parents homes are especially detrimental to offspring.

Back 54

less developed

Front 55

True or False: Women's choosiness is seen in every culture.

Back 55

True

Front 56

What did Clark & Hatfield's experiment involving random sexual propositions on a campus demonstrate?

Back 56

Men are more willing to do things that may lead to copulation than females are.

Front 57

What is "attractiveness"?

Back 57

The likelihood of reproductive success.

Front 58

What three things do women look for in a man?

Back 58

Resources
Protection
Commitment

Front 59

What two things do men look for in a woman?

Back 59

Good looks
Sexual faithfulness

Front 60

When it comes to mating, men are complicated/uncomplicated, and women are complicated/uncomplicated.

Back 60

Uncomplicated
Complicated

Front 61

Explain the "sexy sons" theory.

Back 61

Women choose the "good guy" for their social mate, but have sex with the sexy man to give their offspring better genes.

Front 62

Women are ____ willing to have sex with a stranger, men are _____ willing. Is this a behaviour or a preference?

Back 62

Less
More
Preference

Front 63

Men prefer women with smaller waists. What physiological event causes a woman's waist to get smaller?

Back 63

Ovulation

Front 64

The physical qualities that men prefer in women are the result of optimal ______ balance.

Back 64

Estrogen

Front 65

Feminine qualities in women are strong indicators of what?

Back 65

Her ability to get pregnant and carry children to term.

Front 66

Give two reasons why modern women prefer wealthy men.

Back 66

-resources help him take care of her
-resources were once indicative of a man's strength and quality

Front 67

Why do women avoid choosing alpha males for long-term mating?

Back 67

They are in high demand, hard to hold on to them

Front 68

Most women are looking for a _____-term mate.

Back 68

Long

Front 69

What female preference is high social status associated with?

Back 69

Protection

Front 70

What is the best indicator of promiscuity after marriage?
(a) Attractiveness of mate
(b) Promiscuity before marriage
(c) Length of relationship
(d) All of the above

Back 70

(b) Promiscuity before marriage

Front 71

What does the reward model say about mate preference?

Back 71

We want to mate with people who are rewarding to us and make us feel good

Front 72

What are the four factors that make a person more attractive?

Back 72

Propinquity
Familiarity
Similarity
Beauty

Front 73

Define "propinquity".

Back 73

People near to us

Front 74

What did Moreland & Beech's experiment with women in a classroom demonstrate?

Back 74

The more often a person in encountered in daily life, the more attractive they appear to be.

Front 75

Describe the results of the random woman in a classroom experiment.

Back 75

The rated attractiveness of the woman increased according to how often she appeared in the class.

Front 76

What are the two factors that make a person unattractive?

Back 76

-upwards social comparison
-perfect people (out of your league)

Front 77

What does Freud's incest taboo state?

Back 77

The people you grow up with are considered repulsive, due to likelihood of being related

Front 78

When we witness "perfect" people screwing up it makes them seem _____ attractive.

Back 78

More

Front 79

What did Aronson's trivia bowl experiment demonstrate?

Back 79

People who are too far out of our league are less attractive than those who seem more "human".

Front 80

Describe the results of Aronson's trivia bowl experiment.

Back 80

The competent person was always more attractive, but more so when they spilled coffee. The incompetent person was always less attractive, but less so when they spilled the coffee.

Front 81

The _______ effect shows why we find "perfect" people who make mistakes more attractive.

Back 81

Pratfall

Front 82

What factor of unattractiveness does the Pratfall Effect involve?

Back 82

Perfection

Front 83

Name the two factors in the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion.

Back 83

(1) Physiological arousal
(2) Attribution of the source of arousal

Front 84

Name the two factors in the Two-Factor Theory of Love (or Lust).

Back 84

(1) Racing heart, etc.
(2) See an attractive person and believe you're in love.

Front 85

What did Dutton & Aron's field experiments on the high bridge demonstrate?

Back 85

People with high arousal are more likely to feel attracted to someone.

Front 86

What measure did Dutton & Aron use for level of attraction in their high bridge experiment?

Back 86

Whether the individual called the research assistant after the experiment.

Front 87

True or False: Arousal will always make a person seem more attractive, no matter if they are ugly or attractive to begin with.

Back 87

False.

Front 88

What did White et al.'s experiment with the same girl with and without make-up demonstrate?

Back 88

When aroused, whatever the individual originally feels about someone is magnified. It may be attraction or repulsion.

Front 89

Describe the results of Dutton & Aron's high bridge experiment.

Back 89

The men who were on the bridge (high arousal) told the sexiest stories to women, and were most likely to call her back.

Front 90

What is the "closing time phenomenon"?

Back 90

As the night grows longer, men will find all of the women in a bar more attractive.

Front 91

Is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion thought to be conscious or unconscious?

Back 91

Unconscious

Front 92

What two things help us deduce our emotional state?

Back 92

Physiological arousal
Situation

Front 93

What does excitation transfer lead to?

Back 93

Elevated aggression

Front 94

When unexplained physiological arousal is misattributed to irrelevant situational factors, _________ is created.

Back 94

False emotion

Front 95

Distinguish excitation transfer and displacement.

Back 95

Excitation transfer = arousal causes undeserved aggression towards someone
Displacement = cannot aggress in a certain situation, so you lash out at someone else

Front 96

True or False: Arousal must be unexpected in order for a misattribution to be made.

Back 96

False.

Front 97

Why is attribution a useful strategy for us to employ? (2)

Back 97

Saves cognitive resources
We're usually right

Front 98

What did the experiment with a fake vitamin and speed demonstrate?

Back 98

When people are aroused, they look to their surroundings for an explanation.

Front 99

What two things do attributions help us preserve?

Back 99

Self-esteem
Processing power

Front 100

True or False: When unknowingly given speed, our reactions towards things are magnified.

Back 100

True.

Front 101

Dissonance theory is about the relationship between ________ and ___________.

Back 101

Attitudes
Behaviour

Front 102

Behaviour can _______ and _______ attitudes.

Back 102

Predict
Change

Front 103

Define "psychological inconsistency".

Back 103

When our behaviour is at odds with our beliefs

Front 104

Dissonance is uncomfortable, and drive us to engage in _______ ________.

Back 104

Dissonance Reduction (DR)

Front 105

What is the motivation for dissonance reduction?

Back 105

Self-esteem

Front 106

What is distortion? Why does it occur?

Back 106

Change in attitudes
Create consistency

Front 107

Is distortion a conscious or unconscious event?

Back 107

Unconscious

Front 108

What is motivated reasoning bias? Why does it occur?

Back 108

Talking your way through your behaviour
Create consistency

Front 109

You cannot have distortion without ________.

Back 109

Dissonance

Front 110

How do humiliating initiations create great loyalty in new recruits?

Back 110

The recruits have dissonance after initiation, and this distorts their liking for the group (they like it too much)

Front 111

What did Aronson & Mills' sex discussion experiment demonstrate?

Back 111

Dissonance resulting from an embarassing ordeal can result in an unconscious attitude change.

Front 112

What did Festinger & Carlsmith's experiment with paid liars demonstrate?

Back 112

Distortion is not the only dissonance reduction technique. If you get a reward for doing something you don't like, you can justify the action with the reward.

Front 113

Describe the results of Festinger & Carlsmith's experiment with paid liars.

Back 113

The people who were given $1 to lie experienced distortion of their attitudes due to dissonance. The people who were given $20 did not.

Front 114

What is Motivated Reasoning Bias?

Back 114

Emotion-biased decision-making and reasoning; your feelings cause you to make distortions.

Front 115

What two effects does psychological inconsistency have on an individual?

Back 115

Psychological discomfort
Physiological discomfort

Front 116

According to Aronson, when do we feel psychological discomfort?

Back 116

When we are being stupid or sleazy

Front 117

Is dissonance reduction used as a primary technique or a last resort for self-esteem repair?

Back 117

Last resort

Front 118

According to Goffman, what are the three ways we can consciously repair our self-esteem?

Back 118

(1) Make excuses
(2) Make justifications
(3) Focus on whether the behaviour caused harm

Front 119

Give an example of justification for the sake of self-esteem repair that was discussed in class.

Back 119

I lied to someone, but I got paid $20. That's a good enough reason to lie.

Front 120

What is a counter-attitudinal essay?

Back 120

A persuasive essay that goes against your beliefs.

Front 121

After writing a(n) ___________, a person is likely to feel sleazy.

Back 121

Counter-attitudinal essay

Front 122

What did the experiment with the communist essays demonstrate?

Back 122

When individuals believe that they have chosen to do something they disagree with, and are not rewarded for it, they experience the greatest dissonance and distortion.

Front 123

Describe the results of the experiment with the communist essays.

Back 123

Those that chose to write against their beliefs are received a low reward had more positive attitudes towards keeping communists off campuses.

Front 124

Psychological discomfort revolves around a threat to our __________.

Back 124

Self-esteem

Front 125

In collectivist cultures, are the results the same for testing that involves intelligence as in individualistic cultures?

Back 125

No; they don't want to show up the next person

Front 126

When you take speed and experience dissonance, it _______ the discomfort that you feel.

Back 126

Magnifies

Front 127

What are the three components of social psychology?

Back 127

Affect
Behaviours
Cognition

Front 128

What is a quasi-experiment?

Back 128

An experiment in which subjects are not randomly assigned to the experimental group.

Front 129

Correlational studies focus on _________ between variables.

Back 129

Relationship

Front 130

What is a quasi-field-experiment?

Back 130

An experiment conducted in the field with no random assignment.

Front 131

A ________ experiment is conducted in the real world.

Back 131

Field

Front 132

Uncontrolled factors that may influence the results of an experiment are known as __________.

Back 132

Confounds

Front 133

Name the three types of conformity.

Back 133

Compliance
Identification
Internalization

Front 134

Conformity is the result of fear of __________.

Back 134

Consequences.

Front 135

We conform because we want to be _______ and we want to be _______.

Back 135

Liked
Correct

Front 136

This type of pressure results from wanting to fit in with what is normal around you.

Back 136

Normative pressure

Front 137

This type of pressure results from uncertainty of how to act correctly.

Back 137

Informational pressure

Front 138

Behaviour that results from normative pressure tends to be short-term/long-term, but informational pressure results in short-term/long-term behaviour.

Back 138

Short-term
Long-term

Front 139

Conformity is any action that is influenced by ________ interactions.

Back 139

Social

Front 140

In Asch's line experiment, ______ pressure was at work. This is because the situation was _________.

Back 140

Normative
Unambiguous

Front 141

In Sherif's autokinetic effect experiment, ________ pressure was at work. This is because the situation was _________.

Back 141

Informational
Ambiguous

Front 142

What is pluralistic ignorance?

Back 142

Everyone calmly assesses everyone else's reaction, and as a result, everyone misinterprets the situation.

Front 143

When there is a large group, _________ prevents people from acting to help the situation.

Back 143

Diffusion of responsibility

Front 144

Emergencies are ________ events.

Back 144

Ambiguous.

Front 145

What must we do to increase the likelihood of helping in emergencies?

Back 145

Reduce ambiguity

Front 146

What factors influenced obedience in Milgram's experiment? (3)

Back 146

Proximity to victim
Proximity to Experimenter
Authority

Front 147

When we see an emergency happening we tend to _______.

Back 147

Do nothing

Front 148

What two qualities in people can be used to acheive effective persuasion?

Back 148

Consistency
Reciprocation

Front 149

What are the two steps involved in low-balling?

Back 149

(1) Secure a deal
(2) Change the terms of the deal

Front 150

What are the two steps involved in the foot-in-the-door technique?

Back 150

(1) Ask for a small favour
(2) Ask for a large favour in the same vein

Front 151

What are the two steps involved in the reciprocation technique of persuasion?

Back 151

(1) Do a favour for someone
(2) Ask for a favour in return

Front 152

What are the two steps in the door-in-the-face technique?

Back 152

(1) Ask for a huge favour and get rejected.
(2) Immediately ask for a smaller favour.

Front 153

Name the four components of a persuasive appeal.

Back 153

Source making the appeal
Medium through which the message is given.
What does the message say?
Target of the appeal.

Front 154

What are the two components of source credibility?

Back 154

Expertise
Trustworthiness

Front 155

The ______ effect is the dissociation between a message and its source.

Back 155

Sleeper Effect

Front 156

Why is distraction an effective technique in persuasion?

Back 156

Prevents you from forming counter-arguments

Front 157

We use ______ processing when we don't care and ________ processing when we do care.

Back 157

Peripheral
Central

Front 158

In aggression, harm is _______.

Back 158

Intended

Front 159

From an evolutionary perspective, why are males more physically aggressive?

Back 159

They must display their strength to compete for mates

Front 160

From an evolutionary perspective, why are females more socially aggressive?

Back 160

To discredit other females in the eyes of the prime males

Front 161

Perspectives on gender and aggression are distorted by ________.

Back 161

Expectations