Social Psychology Exam# 1

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Social Psychology

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scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by the actual or imagined presence of others.

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4 secondary theses of Social Psychology

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1. power of situational forces is far greater than people tend to think it is.
2.Social thought and behavior often do not fit into commonsense theories.
3. perception is reality in effecting behavior, then the objective features of the situation.
4.Social thought and behavior are a function of both the person and the situation.

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goals of social psychology

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explain behavior and control behavior

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what is self esteem?
self esteem creates______
how can people maintain unrealistic high levels of self-esteem?

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-effective component of the self, consisting of a persons positive and negative evaluations.
-Bullies
-self serving cognitions(belief and interpretation) or blame people for your mistakes and take credit when you can

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Is social psych common sense?

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No, because of hindsight bias

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Hindsight bias

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tendency to overestimate, after learning at outcome

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example of hindsight bias

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Fischoff (1975); war between Brits and Gurkhas
Teigen (1986)

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war between brits and gurkas

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students predicted the wrong winner and after they where told the result. said that they predicted that outcome.

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why does psychology need to be scientific?

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-expectations
-culture
-values

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scientific method

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1.define a question
2. collect background information
3. hypothesis
4. collect and analyze date
5. interpet data and form conclusions

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revise history

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rewarding people for behavior only improves performance when the reward is maintained.

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theory doesn't mean less then fact

true or false

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true

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understanding human behavior requires 3 principals

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1. conceptual framework that shows how variables are assumed to relate to one another.
2.theory doesn't mean "less then fact"
3.

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6 Criteria for a good theory

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1.predictive ability
2. broad applicability
3.simlicity
4.testability/ falsebility

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A theory can never be proved _____ only proved _______

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correct, incorrect

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________ are approximations of the truth.

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theories

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theories can never reach _____percent

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100 %

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if you cant falsify a theory it can not get stronger


true or false

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true

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before you believe a claim you should require?

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evidence

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just because you cannot think of alt explanation _______ mean you have to accept it.

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doesn't

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the strength of a ______________ of a study is directly related to the amount of control the researcher has over the study.

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conclusion

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how do we select participants?

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identify population

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which kind of sample is ideal

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random sample

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observational research

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-researchers observe people and measures their behaviors
-used to describe social behavior

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operational definitions

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definitions that describe a concept in terms of observable

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ambiguous behavior

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agression
alcohol intoxication
loneliness
intelligence

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the value (coefficient) of correlation can vary from ?

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-1.0 to 1.0

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no correlation in a number form

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0.0

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correlation_________equal causation

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doesn't

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used to explain social behavior

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cause and effect

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2 key aspects of experimental research

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1. one or more variables are manipulated (controlled variable)
2. random assignment

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sloping upwards line means there is a __________.

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positive correlation

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sloping downwards line means there is a _______.

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negative correlation

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no correlation is represented how on a graph

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dots are everywhere not together or close

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random assignment

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each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition in the experiment

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what kind of factors can average out?

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sex
age

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for every correlation how many causations are there? theoretically

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3 causes
x causes y
y causes x
or a third variable causes both x and y

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example of third variable correlation

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amount of crime rate causes increase in ice cream sales

criminals really like ice cream after committing a crime

temperature causes higher ice cream sales and causes more crime.

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what is confound extraneous and why is it bad for experiments?

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variable that isn't controlled that may influence the dependent variable in a systematic way.
-you will not be able to get real world results, due to lack of control.

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independent variable

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variable that a researcher manipulates

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dependent variable

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variable that a researcher measures

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how to avoid confound variables

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make sure that all participants are as similar as possible.

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advantage of experimental research

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can make strong casual claims due to experiment control

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disadvantage of experimental research

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studied behavior in contrived by the participant, unrealistic setting

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participants characteristics that have contrived behaviors that hurt experiments

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-desire to be helpful
-the desire to look good
-appear intelligent

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how do you solve the dilemma of contrived behaviors or confounds from participants?

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-make a cover story for the experiment to keep everyone the same
- anonymity

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do harsh initiations help or hurt during

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more then likely help, more people like the club, or experiment

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observational advantage

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it does occur in the real world

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observational disadvantage

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we can't make cause and effect relationships

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social desirability bias

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wanting to look good in front of people

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how to solve the researcher from inadvertently altering or confounding the study to achieve there desired result?

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-keep experimenter blind to the conditions or hypothesis of the experiment
-little contact with the participants

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examples of blind conditions

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participants will sit in from of a computer that will pull up a random condition, and the researcher will not even be in the room

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our perception of the world is colored by the self


true or false

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true

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cocktail party effect

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demonstrates to you how important you are to your self, example; you hear your name at a party.

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ABC's of self

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Affect
Behavioral
Cognitive

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the self concept

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the sum total of an individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes

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infants recognize themselves in the mirror between?

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18 -24 months

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mark test

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-The mirror test is an experiment developed in 1970 by psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. to determine whether an animal possesses the ability to recognize itself in a mirror.
-humans, apes and dolphins can do this

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why is introspection misleading

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we often do no know the cognitive process that lead to our own behavior, people readily generate the wrong explanations.people sometimes over emphasize the influence of some factors on their behavior.

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give example of introspection

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if a group of people are told to pick a group of similar items, they would pick the last one, but not because they where the last one. but because of some fabricated reason.

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what is the primary thesis of social psychology?

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Human social thought and social behavior is governed heavily, by the situation in which the thoughts and behaviors occur

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4 SECONDARY THESIS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

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1.The power of situational forces is far greater than people tend to think it is.

2.Social thought and social behavior often do not fit into "rational" or "logical" theories.
•e.g., Jim Jonestown

3.People's perceptions matter more than the objective.
4.Social thought and social behavior are a function of both the person and the situation.
•If you give people power, they will often come to abuse it.

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what is the difference between social psychology and sociology?

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Sociology deals with large groups of people, their behavior as a group. Social Psych deals with interactions among small groups of people.

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describe the hindsight bias and give a real world example o the hindsight bias

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-tendency to overestimate, after learning at outcome.
-.g., Fischoff (1975) War between the British and the Gurkas in India (most thought the Indians would win because they had more knowledge than the British thought the British had more troops, but once the British won, everyone seemed to know that they were going to obviously win

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what are the basics of the scientific method?

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1.define a question
2. collect background information
3. hypothesis
4. collect and analyze date
5. interpet data and form conclusions

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what is a theory? how do we determine what makes a good theory?

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(an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events)
A Theory does NOT imply "less than fact", Instead, they are frameworks that explain facts.
Theories also describe relationships and allow us to predict what will happen (in any case)
To Make a GOOD THEORY, they must have the following qualities:
1.Predictive ability,
2.The broader and more applicable a theory the better,
3.Simplicity and,
4.Testability/Falsifiability
oA theory can never be proved correct, only proved incorrect.
oTheories are approximations of truth.

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how is a theory different from a hypothesis?

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A theory is a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of the observed behavior

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what is the purpose of random sampling?

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(when each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen)
It is really important because it ensures a representation of that population - e.g., jury duty.
The size of the sample is NOT important, what's important is the technique.

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what is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

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Random sampling means that you choose your ENTIRE GROUP OF PARTICIPANTS randomly from a given population of potential participants.

Random assignment means that you randomly assign those participants to either control or experimental groups.

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what is the difference between observational, correlational, and experimental research?

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-observational is when researchers observe people and measure their behaviors.
-correlational is when the aim is to measure the strength of causation between two (or more) variables
-experimental has two characteristics manipulation and control, independent variable is manipulated to see the effect on the dependent variable.

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what are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of experimental process?

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-Advantages of observational-easiest to do, but you have to make sure(or nearly as possible) that your subjects don't know they are being observed, so they don't modify their behavior,
-correlational is harder to do but more accurate, however correlation doesn't necessarily prove causation, and experimental is good because you control one of the groups you are testing but it has to be done under VERY strict controlled conditions so you can repeat the experiment(or others can)!

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what is the purpose of operational definitions?

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definitions that describe a concept in term of observable.
For instance, I write behavior modification programs, so I want staff to collect data on someones aggressive behavior. The operational definition might be something like : hits others on the head or face; kicks others; uses objects to strike others.
-When collecting data, it is essential that everyone in the system has the same understanding and collects data in the same way. Operational definitions should therefore be made before the collection of data begins.

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what does positive correlation mean?

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Positive correlation means that if you graph it, you get a positive slope -- that is up from left to right.
-For example, a positive correlation would result if I plotted the daytime high temperature with the number of homes in town that ran their AC that day. The hotter it is, the more people there would be who would turn on the cold air, while lower temperatures would result in fewer ACs running.

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what does a negative correlation mean?

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Negative correlation means that if you graph it, you get a negative slope.
-A negative correlation would occur if I plotted the daytime high temperature with the number of homes who turned on their heater. The lower the temperature, the more heaters running, while a higher the temperature would result in fewer heaters being turned on.

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constant correlation mean?

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A constant correlation usually reflects a faulty sample. For example, if I want to compare age and height among children I could measure their heights and ask them their ages. If I plotted the resulting points and found that I had various heights, but all the ages were 10 yrs old, I would have a straight line on the graph. This would also tell me that when I collected the data, I hadn't asked a variety of kids to let me check their heights -- I had only asked 10 year olds.

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why does correlation not equal causation?

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The relationship between two events that are occurring at the same time is ambiguous. The fact that they are happening together (i.e. correlation) does not mean that one caused the other (i.e causality).

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what are 2 key aspects of experimental research?

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1. one or or more variables are manipulated, you need to manipulate the independent variable to get the desired effect for the dependent variable.
2.random assignment-causes the most real life results, by giving each participant an equal chance of being assigned to any condition in the experiment. some factors avg out age and sex

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how can participant characteristics and experimenter characteristics bias the results of a study?

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the experimenter might inadvertently do something in the experiment to manipulate the outcome. accidentally confounding your own study.

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social desirability bias?

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wanting to be viewed favorably by others

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self-reference effect?

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is a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information.

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how do we know that animals have self-concept?

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because of the marktest with the mirror. they see themselves in the mirror

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what is social comparison? who why?

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Social comparison theory is centered on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self.

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how can our emotions depend on other people?

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if you see someone smiling chances are you be happy or smile and vice versa

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what is self perception theory? how does self precep theory relate to the facial feedback hypothesis?

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People decide on their own attitudes and feelings from watching themselves behave in various situations. This is particularly true when internal cues are so weak or confusing they effectively put the person in the same position as an external observer.

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main differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

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-individualistic is independent and mainly western and identity is based on personal achievements.
-collectivistic are interdependent and identity based on social groups.

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how do people enter state of self-awarness? what happens when they do?
how can they cope?

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-they can look into a mirror
-they see negative discrepancies leading to discomfort
-they can cope by behave in ways to avoid discrepancy
and withdraw from self-awarness.

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what i unrealistic optimism?

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is a bias that causes a person to believe that they are less at risk of experiencing a negative event compared to others
-less likely to get a divorce, happier, less likely to have cancer

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false consensus is experienced when example;

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Fundamentalists and political radicals often overestimate the number of people who share their values and beliefs, because of the false-consensus effect

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false uniqueness..

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when people underestimate the extent to which other people share their abilities and desirable behaviors

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what does basking BIRG mean?

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wearing a teams jersey after they won.

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purpose of making downward social comparisons?

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to make one feel better about self.

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what is self handicapping? when will this happen?

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-behavior designed to sabotage one's performance in order to provide an excuse for subsequent failure.

-People withdraw effort or create obstacles to successes so they can maintain public and private self-images of competence.

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are positive illusions adaptive?

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yes,tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events, for instance to feel that they control outcomes that they demonstrably have no influence over. sports lucky socks

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self presentation?
spotlight effect?
how does self-monitoring relate to self presentation?

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-to be seen as likable, powerful and competent.
-tendency for people to overestimate how much other people are paying them attention.
-if you are aware of your self then the presentation will follow.

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what does it mean to be high or low self-monitor?

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high self- changes themselves depending on the situation.
low self: consistent 'self' regardless situations, eg. kramer