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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABCs of Self |
Affect Behavior Cognition |
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Affect |
A of the "ABCs of Self" -Affect: how do we evaluate ourselves and protect our self-esteems? |
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Behavior |
B of the "ABCs of Self" -behavior:how do we regulate out actions and present ourselves according to social demands? |
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Cognition |
C of the "ABCs of Self" -cognition: how do we come to know ourselves and maintain a stable identity? |
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Self-Recognition |
first clear expression of "me" |
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Self-Reference Effect |
-Self-Reference Effect: the facilitation of memory that occurs when people relate information to their self-concept -demonstrates the power of the self-concept in organizing memories ---ex. Mendoza remembering student names by connecting their personal facts to his own self-concept |
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Self-Concept |
Self Concept: made up of beliefs people have about themselves -self-complexity can be high or low... --women tend to define themselves in terms of relationships(I run on the cross-country team) --men tend to define themselves in terms of achievements (I am an all-state runner) |
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what are the sources of our Self-Concept |
introspection, perception of ourselves, influence of others, autobiographical memories, culture |
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Introspection |
-source of our self-concept does it lead to accurate self-knowing? --we often cant explain causes of our behavior simple preferences>analyzed preferences -the examination/observation of one's own mental and emotional processes(often nearly impossible hence people choose pt1 of ex over pt2) ex.choose a painting you like vs. choose a painting based on why you like it |
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Affective Forecasting |
-related to introspection (a source of our self-concept) affective forecasting:the process of predicting the impact of both positive and negative events on mood we're not very good at it! -why? --we underestimate resiliency and often neglect other factors |
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Perception of Ourselves |
source of our Self-Concept -includes sub-terms... --self-perception theory --self-perception of emotion --self-perception of motivation |
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Self-Perception Theory |
sub-term/category under the specific source of self-concept: perception of ourselves -def:says we learn about ourselves by observing our own behavior, in just the same way that we may examine other people's behavior to see what they are like; occurs in absence of compelling situational factors -explains why asking people to perform a behavior ("come bowling with us" and you go even though you didnt enjoy bowling in the past) can lead them to experience a change in self-concept (theory predicts that you'll experience change in attitude(more positive a/o bowling) b/w you'll look at your behavior ("Here I am bowling" to determine your belief about bowling "I must like bowling, if I am bowling rn") |
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self-Perception of Emotion |
facial feedback hypothesis-changes in facial expression can lead to changes in emotion --ex.people who hold their faces in a smile feel happier than those who maintain a frown --ex.body posture; upright vs. slumped, more/less confidence -How could simply changing one's facial expression or body posture affect one's mood? --explanation 1:changes in emotion are caused by facial (& body) feedback are simply a result of self-perception..ex.people who are smiling perceive themselves as happy --explanation 2:facial expressions & body movements influence emotions by producing physiological changes in the brain |
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Self-Perception of Motivation |
a factor that can influence how people view themselves is the motivation they identify as the reason for their behavior... overjustification effect:phenomenon in which receiving external rewards for a given behav.can undermine the intrinsic motivation for engaging in that behav. -a reduction of intrinsic motivation for activities that have become associated with extrinsic factors ex.marker study with kids: --conditions:expected reward, unexpected reward, no reward...after affects weeks later show expected reward kids colored with markers less -bonuses in the workplace undermine motivation -those who receive an expected reward are less creative than those who get no reward or an unexpected reward |
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Influence of Others |
source for perception of ourselves, suggests that other people are critical to understanding us... includes: -"Looking-glass" self -"relational" self -"relative" self |
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"Looking-Glass" Self |
people serve as a mirror, which we use to form a self-concept--shaping our self-concepts based on how others perceive us |
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"Relational" Self |
we come to know who we are based on our past and current relationships with significant others |
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"Relative" Self |
who we are can change depending on those around us |
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Social Comparison Theory |
we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others when?most often in states of uncertainty when it may be difficult to assess our ability in a purely objective way with whom?others who are similar in relevant ways ex. social comparison theory explains why so many 1st year college students suddenly feel not-so-smart;your now comparing yourself to a bunch of people who were the top of their highschool, versus when you were comparing yourself as the top of your own highschool |
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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
def:a theory that the experience of emotion is determined by 2 distinct factors:the presence of some type of physiological arousal and the cognitive label a person gives to that arousal --ephinephrine study (ephinephrine=adrenaline) |
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ephinephrine study |
relates to 2-factor theory of emotion: (ephinephrine=adrenaline) looks at question: when will others influence emotions? -groups: drug informed, drug uninformed, placebo group -before drug took effect, subjects left w/ confederate who acted happy or angry -drug uninformed have arousal, but no cognitive interpretation provided by experimenter, so looks to their environment to gage their arousal -arousal cant be too intense, otherwise it will be experienced as aversive -others must be present before arousal kicks in |
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Autobiographical Memories |
what do we recall? -typically more recent events, but also "reminiscence peaks" and "transitional periods" |
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Flashbulb Memories |
not always accurate, but vivid and important |
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Memory Distortions |
often self-serving |
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Culture-Individualist |
-independence, autonomy, self-reliance -strive for personal achievement -ex. US, Canada, UK, Australia |
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Culture-Collectivist |
-interdependence, cooporation, social harmony -strive for group status -ex. China, Taiwan, Peru, Columbia |
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Cultural Views of Self |
-independent view of self vs. interdependent view of self -trait descriptors vs. group affiliations (remember picture) |
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Culture & Preferences |
likelihood to choose unique marker--more from U.S. |
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Self-Esteem Differences |
small gender difference:(boys>girls) in self-esteem only during adolescence -stigmatized and non-stigmatized have similar self-esteem --attribution of negative feedback --ingroup social comparisons --selective devaluing of poor ingroup abilities -collectivists report lower self-esteem than individualists --BUT score the same on implicit measures; collectivists aren't allowed to express it as freely as those in an individualistic cultures |
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Functions of Self Esteem |
-def of self-esteem: our evaluation of our own self-worth, meaning the extent to which we see ourselves as good and worthwhile -functions: --need to belong --self-discrepancy theory |
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Need to belong |
-self-esteem indexes social acceptance |
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Self-Discrepancy Theory |
-states that people compare themselves to internalized standards..these diff. representations of the self can be contradictory ad result in emotional discomfort -self-esteem tells us how we live up to personal standards -domains of the self:actual, ideal, ought -according to this theory, self-esteem depends on: --the amount of discrepancy --importance of discrepancy --focus on discrepancy |
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Actual vs. Ought Self-Discrepencies |
-ought self:your representation of the attributes that someone(yourself or another) believes you should/ought to possess (a representation of someone's sense of your duty, obligations, responsibility) -feelings associated with discrepancy b/w actual and ought self:guilty, ashamed, resentful, anxiety |
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Actual vs. Ideal Self-Discrepencies |
-ideal self:your representation of the attributes that someone (yourself or another) would like you, ideally, to possess (a representation of someone's hopes, aspirations, or wishes for you) -ideal self is usually what motivates indivs. to change, improve, or achieve -feelings associated w/ discrepancy b/w actual & ideal self:disappointed, frustrated, unfulfilled, depression |
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Self-Awareness Theory |
-self-focus can make us aware of discrepancies (being aware of our selves, ex. in mirror candy study can make us more aware of discrepancies) --Halloween study:taking 1 pc. from candy bowl --mirror present (12%) vs. not present (34%) -when discrepancies arise, we can either change our behavior or withdraw from self-awareness -actual vs. ideal discrepancies reduced w/ alcohol |
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Self-Regulation |
process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors limits of self-regulation: |
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Ego Depletion Model |
--exemplifies the limitations of self-regulation -limited resource that needs time to replenish -temptation studies:dieters/non-dieters watch movie w/ food near/far;ice cream taste test after movie(Study1) -same setup as study 1 but impossible cognitive tasks after movie instead of taste test (Study 2) -those who had food close, had to enact more self-regulation, therefore ate more at taste test/gave up faster on cog. test (already tired) |
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Ironic Processes |
-every effort at maintaining control is met by a concern about failing to do so -triggers an "ironic operating process" -real life ex. thinking in a game "don't choke", leads you to choke real life ex. court evidence proclaimed "inadmissible" by a judge, still has impact on jurors --idea that being told not to think about something, leads you to ironically think about it more |
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Self-Serving Biases |
examples include: -implicit egotism -self-serving attributions -false-consensus effect -mere ownership effect -group ownership effect |
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Implicit Egotism |
def:refers to the idea that we naturally gravitate toward people, places, and things that resemble ourself(unconscious form of self-enhancement) ex. we strongly prefer the letters in our name and the numbers in our birthdate --potential problems: is it implicit? mere exposure? --moderators?-gender, name rarity |
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Self-Serving Attributions |
people take credit for success, but blame failure on external factors |
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False-Consensus Effect |
-tendency to overestimate the extent to which people share your opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. |
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Mere Ownership Effect |
-tendency to value an object more if we own it--...explains success of storage facilities (the stuff people put in storage often stays there for decades, this is because they feel its important since its theirs, even though it really has little to no value, they just cant part with it) |
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Group Ownership Effect |
-culture can affect what people value |
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positivity bias |
-we overestimate positive things happening to us and underestimate negative things happening to us |
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overconfidence phenomenon |
tendency for people to be more confident than correct in their judgements -implications? risky behavior |
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Basking in Reflected Glory |
increasing self-esteem by associating with successful others -matched by CORFing: cutting off reflected failure -what happens w/ successful significant others? --BIRG if area isn't relevant, jealousy if area is self-relevant (if your both psychologists, you would be jealous if your spouse got published and you didn't, but if you were a social worker, you would "BIRG") |
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Downward Social Comparisons |
-tendency to compare ourselves with others worse off, including past selves --makes us feel better about our current selves --particularly beneficial following disappointing/tragic events |
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Self-Handicapping |
-sabotaging behaviors performed to protect the self from failure -ex. setting unrealistic goals for ourselves/playing down our abilities to others --provide excuses for failure & enhances success --increases risk of failure & disliking from others |
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Self-Presentation |
behavioral expression of the self self-presentation health hazards: tanning/eating disorder/drug use |
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Self-Monitering |
-tendency to change behavior in response to the demands of the environment --low self-monitors: relatively consistent across situations; can appear principled but also stubborn --high self-monitors:concerned with public image; can appear pragmatic, but also phony |
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Strategic Self-Presentation |
-want to gain influence, approval |
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Ingratiation |
goal is to get others to like us (flattery/similarity) -problem: can appear as insincere |
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Self-Promotion |
goal is to get others to see us as competent (claim competence/use "competence props"/stage performances/self-handicapping) -problem: can appear as arrogant |
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Exemplification |
goal is to be seen as morally worthy (preachy/make others feel guilty) -problem: can appear as hypocritical, must practice what you preach, essentially. |
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Supplication |
goal is to appear helpless (requests/fake ignorance) -problem: can appear as lazy and demanding |
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Intimidation |
goal is to be feared (threats)
-problem: someone can call your bluff |
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Self-Verification |
motive is to have others see us as we see ourselves; selectively elicit, recall, & accept feedback that confirms self-concept, even if it fits a negative one -might explain unhealthy relationships --ex.emotionally abusive relationships; if emotionally abused by parent, we may see that we only deserve that type of treatment in our partner |
