Social Psychology

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Social Exchange Theory

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Explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties

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Evolutionary Psychology

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A theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection

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Kin Selection

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Kin selection is a type of natural selection in which an individual attempts to ensure the survival of its own genes by protecting closely related individuals first.

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The Reciprocity Norm

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The norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms.

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Empathy

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The ability to share or understand feelings of another

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Group Polarization

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Refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

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Deindividuation

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The loss of self-awareness in groups

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Pluralistic Ignorance

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Is a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it.

"no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes."

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Social Facilitation

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The tendency for people to do perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone. Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others, they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.

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Social Leadership

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Good at getting members of the team excited about their task, increasing energy, inspiring team spirit, and reducing conflict

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Laissez-Fair Leadership

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Leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decisions

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Task Leadership

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Behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the tasks that need to be performed in order to meet certain goals, or to achieve a certain performance standard.

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Primitive Death Urge

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A primitive impulse for destruction, decay, and death, postulated by Sigmund Freud.

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Social Loafing

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The phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

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Hostile Aggression

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Committed in response to a perceived threat or insult. It is unplanned, reactionary, impulsive, and fueled by intense emotion as opposed to desire to achieve a goal.

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Instrumental Aggression

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Harmful behavior engaged in without provocation to obtain an outcome or coerce others.

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Social Exchange Theory

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Explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties

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The Bystander Effect

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The finding that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present

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Relative Deprivation

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The perception that one is less well off than others when comparing oneself

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Prejudice

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A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

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Stereotype

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A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

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Discrimination

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The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

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Racism

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The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.

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Mere Exposure Effect

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When people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

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Race Sensitivity

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Subtle form of prejudice.

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Mikulincer and Shaver (2001)

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When the need to belong is met, people become more accepting of out groups.

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Dual Attitude System

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Research on modern prejudice We can have differing conscious and automatic attitudes towards the same target.

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Subtyping

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Accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by splitting off a subgroup stereotype (such as "middle class Blacks" or "feminist women"). Subtyping protects stereotypes.

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Disclosure Reciprocity

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The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

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Meta-Stereotypes

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Concerns that members of dominant groups have about the stereotypes that others have of them

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Scapegoat Theory

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People may be prejudice toward a group in order to displace their anger.

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Group Serving Bias

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Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviours and attributing negative behaviours to their dispositions

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Social Ostracism

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Any act of banishing, shunning, ignoring, or excluding. It can be carried out by one individual upon another or by a group

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Basic Components of Love

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1. Passion

2. Intimacy

3. Commitment

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Matching Phenomenon

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The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.

Why people become attracted to one another.