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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Situational determinants of responsibility
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1. Diffusion of Responsibility
2. Pluralistic Ignorance 3. Bystander calculus model 4. Cost of helping/ not helping |
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Norms that play a role
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1. Norm of reciprocity
2. Norm of social responsibility |
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Evolutionary approaches to altruism
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1. Kin selection
2. Reciprocal altruism |
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True altruism
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1. Batson's Empathy-Altruism Theory
2. Empathy-Joy Theory |
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Cooperation
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1. Management-labor relationship
2. Social Exchange Theory |
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Management-labor relationship
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Norms involved:
1. Equality norm 2. Equity norm 3. Needs norm |
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Studying cooperation
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1. Prisoner's Dilemma
2. Tit-for-tat strategy |
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Why Tit-for-tat works
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1. Nice
2. Not exploited 3. Forgiving 4. Easy to understand |
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Social Dilemmas
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1. Public goods
2. Tragedy of the commons/ Common resource pool (CRP) |
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Public goods
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1. Jointness of supply
2. Impossibility of exclusion |
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Types of relationships
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1. Exchange
2. Communal |
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Relation models theory
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1. Communal sharing
2. Authority ranking 3. Equality matching 4. Market pricing |
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Proximity
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1. Availability
2. Anticipating interaction 3. The Mere Exposure Effect |
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Similarity
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1. Belief validation
2. Smooth interactions 3. Expectancy of liking 4. Qualities that we like |
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Consequence of physical attractiveness
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1. Halo effect
2. Self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Antecedents of physical attractiveness
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1. Immediacy
2. Biology 3. Prestige 4. Excitation-transfer theory |
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Maintaining relationships
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1. Equity
2. Investment Model 3. Commitment |
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Investment Model of Relationship Committment
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1. Satisfaction level/reward
2. Alternatives 3. Investment in relationship |
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Types of aggression
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1. Hostile
2. Instrumental |
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Situational determinants of aggression
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1. Media
2. Video games 3. Heat |
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Construal processes in aggression
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1. Measure of aggressive behaviours
2. Hostile Attribution Bias 3. Frustration-Aggression Theory 4. Cognitive neoassocionist view 5. Excitation Transfer Theory 6. Social Learning Theory |
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Measures of aggressive behaviour
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1. Physical aggression subscale
2. Relational aggression subscale 3. Verbal aggression item 4. Prosocial behaviour subscale |
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Frustration is proportional to ...(Frustration-Aggression Theory)
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1. Goal importance
2. Severity of goal interference 3. Frequency of goal interference 4. Goal proximity |
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Cognitive neoassocionist view
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Aggression is one of two options (escape/withdrawal) in response to aversive arousal
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Culture and aggression
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Culture of honor
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Evolution and aggression
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1. Helps reproduction
2. Transmitted genetically |
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Ideomotor action
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Thinking about a behaviour makes us more likely to perform it
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Chameleon Effect
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Non-conscious imitation of behaviors of others with whom we are interacting
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Normative Influence
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Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectation, often to gain acceptance -- seek harmony and approval
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Informational Influence
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Conformity that results from accepting evidence about reality provided by other people -- seek validity and truth
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Sherif's Autokinetic Experiment
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Informational influence
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Asch's Line Judgement Experiment
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Normative influence
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Factors affecting conformity pressure
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1. Group size
2. Anonymity 3. Unamity 4. Expertise 5. Task difficult/ambiguity 6. Gender 7. Culture 8. Interpretive context of disagreement |
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Reactance theory
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(Why people resist social influence) unpleasant state of arousal when they believe their freedoms are threatened, act to reduce this be reasserting prerogatives
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Internalization
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Informational social influence -- private acceptance of a proposition orientation or ideology
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Public compliance
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Normative social influence -- agreeing with someone or advancing a position in public even if we continue to believe something else in private
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Obedience (Milgram Experiment)
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Person's willingness to conform to demands of authority, even if it violates sense of what is right.
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Assumption of minority influence
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1. symmetric influence
2. two processes |
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Modes of majority influence
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- minority engages in social comparison
- recognizes majority norm - under majority pressure, avoids confrontation - immediate public compliance, delayed private rejection |
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Modes of minority influence
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- majority engages in cognitive conflict
- resists minority opinion publicly - reexamines issue privately - immediate public rejection, delayed internalization |
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Factors influencing minority influence
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1. Consistency
2. Rigidity |
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Direct vs. Indirect influence
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Circle color experiment
like consciousness |
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Reason-based approaches of compliance
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*norm of reciprocity*
1. Door-in-face technique 2. Foot-in-door technique 3. That's-not-all technique |
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Emotion-based approaches of compliance
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1. Positive mood
2. Negative mood - negative-state relief hypothesis |
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Social facilitation vs. inhibition
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In the presence of others, individuals will perform either better or worse.
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Zajonc's Arousal Theory
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Presence of others is arousing and enhances the dominant effect
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Intellective-judgmental task continuum
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depends on task demonstrability
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Social decisions - simple, intellective tasks
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Perform as good as second-best individual
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Social decisions - difficult tasks
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Groups perform better than best member
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Fluency
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Experience of ease associated with perceiving and thinking
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Halo effect
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The common belief that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen
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Support for the inherent need to belong
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1. Evolutionary basis
2. Universal 3. Guide social cognition 4. Satiable 5. Need is unmet = suffer profound negative consequences |
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Attachment theory (Strange situation)
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1. Secure
2. Anxious 3. Avoidant |
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Relational self
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The beliefs, feelings, and expectations that we have about ourselves that derive from our relationships with significant others in our lives
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Sources of power
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1. Authority
2. Expertise 3. Coercion 4. Rewards 5. Reference power |
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Approach/inhibition theory (power influences behaviour)
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Theory that states that higher-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick judgements, whereas low-power individuals are more likely to constrain their behaviour and attend to others carefully
1. How people perceive others (less empathy) 2. How people behave (disinhibited fashion) |
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Social dominance orientation
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desire to see one's own group dominate others
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Triangular theory of love
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1. Passion
2. Intimacy 3. Commitment |
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Four horseman of apocalypse
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1. Criticism
2. Defensiveness 3. Stonewalling 4. Contempt |
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Stronger romantic bonds
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1. Capitalize on the good
2. Be playful 3. Forgive |
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Sum of motives in altruism
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1. Social rewards
2. Experienced distress 3. Empathic concern |
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Bystander intervention
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Helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening
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Evaluation apprehension
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Contests idea of mere presence -- concern about looking bad in the eyes of others
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Distraction-conflict theory
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Idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand and this it is this attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects
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