Chapter 11 Social Psychology

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1. Anything that draws two or more people together is called

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a. attraction.

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2. Research suggests that __________ are by nature "loners" who are indifferent to social contact.

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d. virtually no people

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3 As discussed in the textbook, prisoners who live in solitary confinement

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d. crave social comfort, do not get used to living alone, and take desperate measures to try to communicate with others.

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4. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding testosterone levels in men?

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a. They usually dip after men reach their early twenties.

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5. Suppose that Roger is married and that he and his wife have just had a child. Jose is also married, but has no children. Their friend William is recently divorced. If these men are representative of other men in their same situations, then

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a. Roger probably has the lowest testosterone levels.

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6. According to the textbook, most humans seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection. How do they compare to non-human animals?

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a. Non-human animals similarly seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection.

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7. Social psychologists refer to the desire to form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals as

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d. the need to belong.

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8. As discussed in the textbook, it is __________ for MOST people to form relationships with neighbors, co-workers, and other people. And MOST people __________ leave or end such relationships.

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b. easy, are somewhat reluctant to

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9. When people who are dating break up with one another, they often plan to "just be friends." What happens in reality?

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a. Most do not remain friends. But they say this (and they often try to remain friends) because they are reluctant to break social bonds.

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10. To completely satisfy the need to belong, people must

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a. have both regular social contact and ongoing relationships in which people show mutual concern for one another.

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11. According to research on the elements of belongingness, which element is lacking in commuter marriages?

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a. regular social contact

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12. Most people do not seem to seek out endless numbers of friends; having __________ close friends seems to be enough.

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c. four to six

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13. Failure to satisfy the need to belong is associated with

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d. both poor mental health and poor physical health.

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14. Research has demonstrated that loneliness

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c. has the negative effect of weakening the immune system.

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15. Can people satisfy the need to belong via membership in a group or organization (e.g., a club or sports team), even if they do not have friendships in there?

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b. Yes, some people may find these social connections satisfying even if they do not form close relationships.

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16. Wolfgang is engaging in an act of ingratiation. What does this mean exactly?

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c. He is trying to get someone to like him.

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17. According to social psychological research, which of the following adages is truer, "opposites attract" or "birds of a feather flock together"?

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b. "Birds of a feather flock together."

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18. People who are high in self-monitoring differ from others in a number of ways. For example, they are more likely to

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b. have different sets of friends for different activities.

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19. Most married couples are extremely similar in terms of

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d. both demographic characteristics like education level and traits like intelligence.

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20. Research has demonstrated that the matching hypothesis holds true

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d. for all types of romantic relationships and all types of friendships.

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21. According to the textbook, the tendency for people to be attracted to others who are similar to them (rather than different from them) is probably

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a. an evolved preference—adaptive for humans and present in other animals as well.

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22. Which of the following is the MOST accurate summary of reinforcement theory?

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b. We are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past than in other behaviors.

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23. Petra finds out that her classmate, Julie, thinks that she is really cool. This makes Petra like Julie more than she did before. What does research suggest about this kind of "reciprocity of liking?"

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a. It is widespread when it comes to acquaintanceships and friendships, but does not always hold true for romantic relationships.

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24. Suppose that you are on a date with a new person, and you are trying to get this person to be attracted to you. Which of the following should you NOT do?

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d. Tell your date that you are not sure if you like him or her yet.

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25. In attraction research, the propinquity effect refers to the tendency for people to be relatively attracted to others who

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a. they encounter on a regular basis.

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26. Tom's new girlfriend has a habit of biting her nails. This did not bother Tom when he first met her, but it is beginning to annoy him more and more with each passing day. This is an example of __________.

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d. the social allergy effect

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27. In a well-known study conducted in the 1950s, social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues analyzed the friendship patterns among graduate students living in one of the dormitories at MIT. The researchers found that strongest predictor of friendship was

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d. how close the students lived to one another.

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28. According to research with online dating services, which profile will Sarah be most likely attracted to?

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c. Quentin, who is 5 feet 8 inches tall and makes $170,000.

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29. The standard of beauty in the United States, as reflected by pageant winners and models, suggests that the ideal body weight has

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d. decreased substantially since 1960.

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30. When men and women are in a room together, men tend to look at __________, and women tend to look at __________.

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c. physically attractive women, physically attractive women as well

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31. Ostracism refers to being

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c. excluded, rejected, or ignored by others.

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32. Compared to other people, people who are repeatedly ostracized by others over a period of time are relatively likely to report

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d. pain and illness, depression and suicidal thoughts, AND eating disorders.

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33. Rejection sensitivity is a personality trait that involves

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c. an expectation of being rejected by others.

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34. As discussed in the textbook, when people say, "You hurt my feelings," what they usually mean is

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b. "I don't think you care about our relationship."

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35. Which of the following is one of the typical responses that people show in the immediate aftermath of social rejection?

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d. Being especially attuned to social cues and information about others

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36. Toyo frequently experiences social rejection by his peers. If he is like most people, on these occasions he is MOST likely to

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b. eat an exceptionally "junky" dinner.

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37. Suppose that Iris and Warren have been dating for a few weeks, but that Iris has just announced that she no longer wants to see Warren. Assuming that Warren is upset by this news, he will probably feel best—post-rejection—if he spends a few minutes looking at a picture of

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b. a close family member.

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38. Which of the following is the most accurate explanation of the relationship between social rejection and aggression?

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d. Social rejection causes aggression AND aggression causes social rejection.

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39. A common motivation behind acts of school violence is

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d. social exclusion.

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40. Based on the social psychological definition of loneliness, who is lonely?

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c. Makeda, who has many friends, but feels that she does not have as deep a connection with them as she would like.

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41. What does research suggest about the relationships people have with large groups or organizations (e.g., people's ties with their universities or workplaces)—can such relationships "stand in" for interpersonal relationships, such that people with these types of relationships (but no interpersonal relationships) are not necessarily lonely?

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b. Yes, although this tends to be true only for men.

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42. Suppose that Anabelle and Roger are two lonely people. Anabelle seeks to stave off loneliness by forming "relationships" with her favorite celebrities (reading about their lives in Us magazine, watching updates about them on E! Entertainment, etc.), while Roger seeks to palliate his loneliness by spending time with his dog Fluff (buying his dog presents, taking his dog for long walks, and talking his dog each night about his day). What does research suggest about the effectiveness of these techniques?

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a. Both Anabelle and Roger should have some success in staving off loneliness.

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43. Compared to others, people who identify themselves as lonely tend to

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c. sleep more poorly.

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44. The textbook lists three major reasons why children are socially rejected by their peers. Which of the following is one of those reasons?

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c. Because they are aggressive

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45. The so-called "bad apple" effect refers to the idea that

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d. one person who breaks the rules can inspire others to break the rules.

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46. According to the textbook, which of the following is FALSE?

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d. Positive, "good" behavior is more socially contagious than negative, deviant behavior.