Social Psych Test 3

Front 1

Persuasion

Back 1

The process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Front 2

Central Route Persuasion

Back 2

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Front 3

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Back 3

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Front 4

Credibility

Back 4

Believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy.

Front 5

Sleeper Effect

Back 5

A delayed Impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

Front 6

Attractiveness

Back 6

Having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference.

Front 7

Primacy Effect

Back 7

Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.

Front 8

Recency Effect

Back 8

Information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primacy effects.

Front 9

Channel of Communication

Back 9

The way the message is delivered--whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way.

Front 10

Two-step flow of Communication

Back 10

The process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others.

Front 11

Need for Cognition

Back 11

The motivation to think and analyze.

Assessed by agreement with items such as:

"the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me"

and disagreement with items such:

"I only think as hard as I have to."

Front 12

Cult (New Religious Movement)

Back 12

A group typically characterized by

1) distinctive ritual and
beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person,

2) isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture

3) a charismatic leader.

(A sect, by contrast, is a spinoff from a major religion)

Front 13

Attitude Inoculation

Back 13

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.

Front 14

Group

Back 14

Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us."

Front 15

Co-Actors

Back 15

Co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity.

Front 16

Social Facilitation

Back 16

1) Original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well learned tasks better when others are present.

2)current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others.

Front 17

Evaluation Apprehension

Back 17

Concern for how others are evaluating us.

Front 18

Social Loafing

Back 18

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

Front 19

Free Riders

Back 19

People who benefit from the group but give little in return.

Front 20

Deindividuation

Back 20

Loss of:
-self-awareness
-evaluation apprehension

occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Front 21

Group Polarization

Back 21

Group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group.

Front 22

Social Comparison

Back 22

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others.

Front 23

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 23

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding.

Front 24

Groupthink

Back 24

the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Front 25

Leadership

Back 25

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

Front 26

Task Leadership

Back 26

Leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals.

Front 27

Social Leadership

Back 27

Leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

Front 28

Transformational Leadership

Back 28

Leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence.

Front 29

Prejudice

Back 29

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.

Front 30

Stereotype

Back 30

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information.

Front 31

Discrimination

Back 31

Unjustified negative behavior toward a group of its members.

Front 32

Racism

Back 32

1) an individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or

2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.

Front 33

Sexism

Back 33

1) An individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or

2) institutional practices (even if not prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex.

Front 34

Social Dominance Orientation

Back 34

A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups.

Front 35

Ethnocentric

Back 35

Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.

Front 36

Authoritarian Personality

Back 36

A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.

Front 37

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Back 37

The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.

Front 38

Social Identity

Back 38

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

Front 39

Ingroup

Back 39

"us"-a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.

Front 40

Outgroup

Back 40

"them"-a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from the ingroup.

Front 41

Ingroup Bias

Back 41

the tendency to favor one's own group.

Front 42

Terror Management

Back 42

According to "terror management theory", people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

Front 43

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Back 43

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike; we are diverse."

Front 44

Own-Race Bias

Back 44

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race.

Front 45

Stigma Consciousness

Back 45

A person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination.

Front 46

Group Serving Bias

Back 46

Explaining away outrgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)

Front 47

Just-World Phenomenon

Back 47

The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Front 48

Subtyping

Back 48

Accommodating Individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule".

Front 49

Subgrouping

Back 49

Accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group.

Front 50

Stereotype Threat

Back 50

A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.