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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discontinuity effect
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-intergroup behavior is much more competitive than inter-individual behavior
-Often represented by the prisoner’s dilemma game |
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Discontinuity
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-reason for intergroup competition
-schemas of fear and greed -if you fear that the other group will act competitively, you act competitively as well |
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Social Identity Theory
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-reason for intergroup competition
-part of our self esteem comes from the groups that we belong to and therefore we want our groups to do better than other groups – leading to competitive behavior – even if you have been placed into a group with people you do not know – becomes us vs them -does not happen when it involves 2 individuals – only groups that tend to do this |
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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-reason for intergroup competition
-people do not feel 100% responsible for being competitive when in a group – responsibility is diffused across the group – individuals do feel responsible |
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Social Support for Greed
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-reason for intergroup competition
-study was done where they planted a confederate in each group – confederate told to act 1 of 3 ways: offer a potentially competitive notion, don’t say anything, offer the more cooperative notion – if confederate offers competitive notion- group performed competitively 80% of the time – social support |
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Deindividuation
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-reason for intergroup competition
-in group settings it is easier to be deindividuated – other group members may not necessarily know who you are – tends to lead toward competition |
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Reciprocity effects
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-reason for intergroup competition
-if you behave competitively to me, I’m going to behave competitively back -individuals sometimes feel bad about having acted competitively – groups do not feel this way |
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Ingroup-outgroup bias
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-reason for intergroup competition
-ingroup – you think your own group is more deserving, better and therefore it is okay to act competitively -outgroup – different and less deserving – not as good a group as your group |
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Group Norms
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-reason for intergroup competition
-norms emerge within groups that do not emerge the same way to individuals -it becomes normative and okay to behave competitively – people expect groups to behave competitively -individuals do not have this same norm – norm is to cooperate |
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Contact Effects
(reduction of intergroup competition) |
hypothesis: if you put people from different groups together and have them have equal contact on equal footing – the groups will begin to see how similar they are instead of furthering their beliefs that they are different from each other – eg. Brown vs. the Board of Education – ending segregation in public school systems
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Robber's Cave Study
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summer camp, 10 yr old boys, similar backgrounds, created competition using sports,etc. Intergroup competition increased and teams did things to eachother; tried to reduce by contact effects but was it didnt work. "Superior level goals" reduced competition (boys from different groups had to solve problem for good of camp)
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Jigsaw Classroom
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each person in class is responsible for a piece of the project; each person is dependent on the others and if the others are doing their parts correctly; decreased intergorup competition; students saw each other as more similar b/c they had to rely on each other to do well
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Positive Intergroup Examples
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two groups; first created intergroup conflict then took a group member from each group and they had to do a task together; intergroup competition dropped b/c if one person knew a member of the other group they were less inclined to think the other group was bad
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Stereotypes
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set of beliefs about attributes of a group
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prejudice
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unfavorable attitude about a group
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discrimination
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unfavorable behavior toward a group
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measurement of prejudice/discrimination
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direct: self-report/diagnostic ratio
indirect: physiological responses (implicit association tests IAT) |
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diagnostic ratio
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assign adjectives that apply to particular group and apply adjectives applying to humans as a whole; if you apply more negative adjectives to outgroup then it is assumed you have negative streotype regarding that group
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