Social Psych Test 2

Front 1

Moral Hypocrisy

Back 1

appearing moral while avoiding the costs of being so

Front 2

Attitude

Back 2

a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone

Front 3

Batson experiment

Back 3

There were two tasks one with reward and the other with no rewards
1 in 20 thought assigning themselves rewarded task was moral
Despite this belief, but 80% assigned the rewarding task to themselves. Even when flipping a coin people assigned themselves the rewarding task
Batson experiment shows moral hypocrisy:
What we say and what we actually do are two different things
People say one thing is moral, but do not act on it.
Attitude can only predict behavior when the attitude is specific to the behavior and when the attitude is potent. Something you have already formed an opinion on (example: abortion)

Front 4

Implicit Association Test

Back 4

reaction times to measure how quickly people associate concepts

Front 5

Implicit attitudes

Back 5

unconscious

Front 6

Explicit attitudes

Back 6

conscious

Front 7

Principle of aggression

Back 7

effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a person's aggregate or average behavior than when we consider isolated facts
E.G. asking someone how they feel about church doesn’t show that they will go to church that Sunday, but can predict quantity of religious behaviors over time.

Front 8

T/F: attitudes about a specific behavior are usually strong predictors

Back 8

True

Front 9

T/F: People do not have controlled and automatic thinking

Back 9

False. People are dual processors and can have both controlled and automatic thinking

Front 10

Ajzen and Fishbein

Back 10

showed that relevant attitudes, social norms, and feelings of control determine actions which guide behavior

Front 11

Theory of planned behavior

Back 11

Essay question: knowing peoples intended behaviors and their perceived control lead to behaviors
1. Attitude Toward the Behavior
- I like physical fitness
2. Subjective Norms
- My friends and neighbors go jogging
3. Perceived Control
- I could easily do jogging
All these (1-3) lead to behavior intention, which leads to behavior

Front 12

Three conditions where attitudes predict behavior

Back 12

1- we minimize other influences upon our attitudes
2- the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behavior
3- attitude predicts behavior better when the attitude is potent/we are thinking about them

Front 13

Role

Back 13

a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave

Front 14

Zimbardo

Back 14

Purpose: To find out if prison brutality is a product of evil prisoners and malicious guards? Do the institutional roles of guard and prisoner embitter and harden even compassionate people? Do the people make the place violent is it the place that make the place violent?
Study- By the flip of a coin some student were assigned as guards and the others as inmates. The guards were given uniforms, billy clubs, and whistles. The prisoners were given humiliating uniforms and placed in cells. The guards were given the ability to enforce rules.
Findings - The guards immediately began to use their authority and degrade the prisoners. The prisoners broke down and rebelled. There became a distinct confusion of reality and self identity for both sides.
Zimbardo called off the two week study just after 6 days.
Example of how something artificial can seep into reality.
Behavior is a product of the individual and situation.

Front 15

Foot in the Door Phenomenon

Back 15

the tendency for people to who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Leads to altruistic behavior
Used by charities and salesmen (carts in the middle of the Mall)
Patricia Pliner (1974)
46% suburbanites willing to give to Canadian Cancer Society when approached directly
Others asked wear a lapel pin publicizing the drive(all agreed), were nearly twice as likely to donate.

Front 16

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 16

tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions

Front 17

Festinger belief

Back 17

when we act out of harmony with our beliefs that we feel dissonance and then adjust our thinking to get rid of it

Front 18

Insufficient Justification

Back 18

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is insufficient

Front 19

Festinger and Carlsmith

Back 19

Wooden knob turning experiment
students asked to do a boring experiment.

Front 20

Dissonance Theory

Back 20

people who have insufficient justification feel they have more choice and internalize their actions
es. a child threatened with a spanking to clean his room won't clean his room when not threatened because they have not internalized the behavior

Front 21

Justification

Back 21

for evil acts, people begin to change their opinions of those who they are committing these acts against. Coming up with a reason/justification.
-groups that hold people in slavery believe that the group in bondage has traits that justify oppression, or executions believe that criminals deserve their fate

Front 22

Higgins: Saying Becomes Believing.

Back 22

University of Oregon Hyman (1981) Study on Palmistry (palm reading)-
“Psychics” told to give readings opposite to what the lines indicated.
Told to say something is one way, when it really isn’t (misinformation effect)
Attitudes follow behavior

Front 23

Marten’s experiment on killing bees

Back 23

students started off killing a small number of bugs and then later killed even more bugs

Front 24

Freedman toy experiment

Back 24

Kids given either a severe or mild threat to not play with a robot toy
Neither child played with robot
Weeks later, put in a room to play:
75% of those with severe threat played with robot
33% of those with mild threat played with robot
Showed that giving a feeling or choice strengthens our resolve rather than coercion

Front 25

Why do actions affect attitudes

Back 25

Cognitive Dissonance (self-justification) - an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously.

Front 26

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 26

(self-justification) - an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously.
The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance.
They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions.
Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying.
Festinger’s belief was that when we act out of harmony with our beliefs, we feel dissonance and then adjust our thinking to get rid of it.
Example: the changing of beliefs in the Iraq war: Originally about weapons of mass destruction were not found people experienced dissonance and then changed their opinion on why we were in the war

Front 27

Self-Presentation:

Back 27

Impression Management: how you act to impress people

Front 28

Self-Perception

Back 28

Self-observation. Base your attitude on the behaviors you have now.
I smoke, so i must like smoking.

Front 29

Insufficient Justification

Back 29

if there is not a justification to what you were doing, you will change what you believe to help you justify what you were doing

Front 30

Egan Sticker Experiment

Back 30

children rated stickers, three stickers (A, B, C) which the child rated equally were chosen;
Experimenter randomly chooses two stickers (A and B) out of the three
Decision 1 - Experimenter asks child to choose one sticker to take home from (from stickers A and B)
Decision 2 - Child was told to pick one more sticker. Either the one they did not choose from Decision 1 (from A and B), or the third sticker (C)
63% choose the third sticker (C)
Shows that children were re-affirming their original choice, from Decision 1, not to choose the first sticker

Front 31

Self-Perception Theory

Back 31

the theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

Front 32

T/F: simply going through the motions (smiling frowning, etc) changes our attitudes

Back 32

TRUE

Front 33

Vaughan and Lanzetta Experiment

Back 33

they observed people giving an electric shock, some told to make pained expression, others told not to. Those who made pained expression felt more empathy

Front 34

Emotional Contagion

Back 34

Why we feel happy around happy people and depressed around depressed people
- We tend to be synchronize our emotions and actions with those around us

Front 35

Over-justification Effect

Back 35

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing
they may see their external reactions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing
- we tend to be intrinsically motivated when there is no reward

Front 36

Natural Selection

Back 36

the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations

Front 37

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 37

the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

Front 38

Culture

Back 38

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 39

Evolutionary Psychology and the Study in New Zealand

Back 39

young adults revealed a gene variation that put people at risk for depression, but only if they had also experiences major life stresses such as a marital breakup.
Neither the stress nor the gene alone produced depression but the two interacting did.

Front 40

T/F: Nature therefore predisposes us to learn whatever culture we are born into.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Norms

Back 41

standards for accepted expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior (in a different sense of the word, norms also describe what most others do – what is normal)

Front 42

Personal Space

Back 42

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us

Front 43

Patterson and Yuichi Experiment

Back 43

someone would walk down the street and either smile, glance at, or look straight ahead
most people reciprocated the response
there was a cultural difference between Japanese and Americans with the Japanese less likely to respond to a smile.

Front 44

Universal Social Beliefs- Leung and Bond

Back 44

all cultures use 5 social beliefs to varying extents
Cynicism
Social Complexity
Reward for Application
Spirituality
Fate Control

Front 45

Gender

Back 45

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
- men tend to be more independent and females tend to be more connected

Front 46

men and women differ in areas of independence vs collectiveness can be seen in the following

Back 46

- play
- friendship
- vocations
- family relations
- smiling
- empathy

Front 47

Empathy:

Back 47

the vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes (this is most likely the information related to the question on the test)

Front 48

Vocations
Pratto et al. (1997)

Back 48

men gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities such as prosecuting attorneys. Women gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities such as public defenders.

Front 49

Vocations
Konrad and others, 2000 and Pinker 2008

Back 49

Men value money, promotion, challenge, etc. Women value good hours, relationships, etc.

Front 50

T/F: Men outnumber women in care-giving professions; men generally choose vocations that relate to people instead of things.

Back 50

False

Front 51

T/F: women hold families together

Back 51

True.
Women spend more time caring for loved ones (children and elderly)
They buy more giftcards, write more letters, make more calls.
when asked to provide photos that show who they are women more often provide pictures with them and their family

Front 52

Who smiles more, men or women?

Back 52

Women

Front 53

Who is more empathetic, men or women?

Back 53

Women are more likely to describe themselves as empathetic
Women experience more empathy in lab settings, empathy brain centers are more highly activated
43 percent of women and 12 percent of men cried as a result of the Iraq war

Front 54

Aggression

Back 54

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Front 55

Aggression Gender Trends

Back 55

men tend to be more aggressive in general
men more physically aggressive
women more verbally aggressive

Front 56

Mating Preferences: MEN

Back 56

men tend to go for women that are younger and more attractive
men more upset with a physical affair
men attracted to figure that resemble peak fertility

Front 57

Mating Preferences: WOMEN

Back 57

women go for men who are older and that can take care of them, women tend to like guys taller than them
women more upset with emotional affair

Front 58

why men tend to be monogamous explained by evolutionary psychology

Back 58

When there are children involved
When there is a heavy parental investment

Front 59

Interaction

Back 59

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)
- biology and culture create differences between men and women

Front 60

interaction between situations and behavior happens in 3 ways

Back 60

A given social situation often affects different people differently
People often choose their situations
People often create their situations

Front 61

T/F: We are both products and architects of our social world

Back 61

True

Front 62

Conformity

Back 62

a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Front 63

Compliance

Back 63

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

Front 64

Obedience

Back 64

acting in accord with a direct order or command

Front 65

Acceptance

Back 65

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

Front 66

Sherif’s study

Back 66

had people look at a light and guess how far it moved; a few days later asked to do the same but joined by others, as the days went on the subjects opinion changed

Front 67

Chartrand and Bragh experiment

Back 67

watching someone rub their face made others rub their face

Front 68

Werther Effect

Back 68

Created by Phillips to describe the phenomenon that behaviors, whether self-preservative or destructive, are copied between humans by ideas manifested in language (ex: literature, music), in addition to genetics.
From a book where the protagonist kills himself, and then 2,000 men also did in response to the book and its popularity.
Now most news stations will not report on suicide, due to fear of the Werther Effect

Front 69

Asch’s study

Back 69

had people look at a picture of a line and then to look at a picture with three lines labeled a,b,c and then choose which one matched, when other people joined in and gave answers different from the subject and the subject was given the chance to change their mind they would conform 37% of the time. 63 percet did not conform. interesting because the sherif and asch tests involved no obvious pressure to conform.

Front 70

Milgram’s experiments

Back 70

subject made the teacher and told to administer electric shoots if learner gives a wrong answer of increasing intensity going from 15v to 450v, learner pleads for them to stop, 65% of first experiment goes to 450. Later the learner said they had a slight heart condition 63% went all the way; done later with women the rates of compliance were similar.

Front 71

T/F:Conformity can be liberating

Back 71

True. Like when one student says something is unfair then other students will join in saying something is unfair

Front 72

T/F: Group influence can never be a good thing

Back 72

False: The heroic firefighters who went back into the World Trade Centers were positively influenced by their authorities and group loyalty.

Front 73

Milgram's Experiment and Foot-in-the-door relation

Back 73

An important thing to remember is the foot-in-the-door phenomena. Most of us would never begin zapping the learner with 330 volts at the start. However, if the authority can convince you to start small, then step by step as you comply more, it’s harder to quit. This is because we allow a lot of our behaviors to shape our attitudes. Because we don’t want to feel “victim” to the situation, we change our attitudes to comply. But that doesn’t mean all compliance is done with acceptance.

Front 74

Normative Influence

Back 74

conformity based on a persons desire to fulfill others expectations often to gain acceptance
E.g. Smoking weed cause everyone else is doing it

Front 75

Informational Influence

Back 75

conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
E.g. Smoking weed because it hasn’t been proven bad

Front 76

Role Reversal

Back 76

can be positive because it forces us to see things from another perspective
roles play a big part in how we react to certain things

Front 77

Purdue Experiment

Back 77

Had people mention what was unique about them
When told that 10,000 other shared those traits
People still reasserted their nonconformity

Front 78

Reactance

Back 78

a motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom.
Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action.

Front 79

Attitude

Back 79

a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one’s belief, and exhibited in one’s feelings and intended behavior)

Front 80

ABC Effect

Back 80

affect-->behavior--> cognition

Front 81

T/F: expressed attitudes and actual behavior are the same

Back 81

False: expressed attitudes and actual behavior differ (view on cheating, church attendance, racial attitudes)

Front 82

Essay: Milgram
Know 5 variations of the study, and how these variations changed the result.

Back 82

1. Change in Authority of Institution. Took the experiment to Bridgeport, Connecticut. Compliance decreased by 48%. It was not at Yale, a prestigious university
2. Change to all female “teachers”. No difference in compliance.
2. Change Location of scientist. “Teachers” receive order over phone, instead of a physical person being right there. Compliance decreased by 21%.
4. Change the Distance of “teacher” and “learner”. “Teacher” is holding the “learner’s” arm to a shock plate instead of being separated by a shade. Compliance decreased by 30%
5. Change in Authority of Researcher. “Teacher” is asked by a clerical person, instead of researcher in lab coat. Only 20% complied to go up to 450

Front 83

Essay: Learning Theory

Back 83

Theory of Planned Behavior -
1. Attitude Toward the Behavior
I like physical fitness
2. Subjective Norms
My friends and neighbors go jogging
3. Perceived Control
I could easily do jogging

All these (1-3) lead to behavior intention (“I’m going to start next week”), which leads to behavior (starting jogging)

-Know the terms on the diagram

Front 84

Essay: 6 Things that Predict Conformity

Back 84

She is going to give us an example and we will have to talk about these influences
-Group Size
The larger the group, the more will conform
More than 5 people and it is easier to conform
-Unanimity
If one person goes against the group, the other people are less likely to conform
-Cohesion
How well you know the group (friends vs. random strangers)
-Status
People will conform to those of higher status (prettiest cheerleader, not really an authority, but has high status)
- Personality Characteristics
Low IQ, need of validation, low self-esteem- more likely to conform
-Culture
Collectivistic vs. Individualistic culture
Religious norms

Front 85

Essay: Know Emic vs. Etic, and be able to give an example of each.

Back 85

Emic - Within the culture, emphasis on human diversity.
Example: religious holidays (Christians and Christmas)
Remember by Irish people being called “mic”s, and that is a cultural thing. so Emic is cultural

Etic - Universality of human behavior, dependent upon biology.
Example: men are more attracted to a woman’s voice when she is ovulating.
Remember by everyone has a “tic,” so Etic applies to everyone

Front 86

Animalistic Approach

Back 86

Everyone wants to reproduce and survive.

Front 87

Door in the Face

Back 87

Seller asks consumer for a large request (e.g. buying a house), consumer will deny the large request. Seller will then ask the consumer for a small request (e.g. signing up for a newsletter) and the consumer will comply.
People will be more likely to comply with the smaller request after a large one has been denied, than if the smaller request was made on its own
This could be due to reciprocity, and the guilt the consumer feels after denying the large request.

Front 88

Sherif’s Study of Norm Formation

Back 88

People are put in a dark room and they are told a light is moving. (it stayed still)
Individually, people thought it moved different distances (either 2, 4, 6 or 8 inches)
After being put in a group, the estimated distances started to average out.
Each day the participants were asked to estimate the distance, and after a few days, the people all tended to say that the light was moving the same amount, 2 inches.
One year later people were asked, and they all still supported the group decision of 2 inches