Social Psych Test 2

Front 1

Attitude

Back 1

evaluative reaction

rooted in one's beliefs

exhibited in feelings and intended behavior

Front 2

Role

Back 2

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

Front 3

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Back 3

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 4

low-ball technique

Back 4

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. Poeple who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

Front 5

Self Justification: Cognitive Dissonance

Back 5

Attitudes change because we are motivated to maintain consistency among our cognitions.

Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another.

Front 6

Insufficient Justification Effect

Back 6

Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient".

In the door knob experiment, these are the people who got paid 1$ and had insufficient justification so they changed how they felt about it.

Front 7

Self-Perception Theory

Back 7

The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

"seeing my actions provides clues to how strong my beliefs are, this is especially so when i can't easily attribute my behavior to external constraints. The acts we freely commit are self-revealing"

Front 8

Overjustification Effect

Back 8

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.

Pay people for playing with puzzles, and they will play with them less!

Front 9

Self-Affirmation Theory

Back 9

A theory that (a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesireable behavior; and (b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.

Front 10

Natural Selection

Back 10

The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations.

Front 11

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 11

The study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

Front 12

Culture

Back 12

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 13

Norms

Back 13

Standards for accepted and expected behavior. Norms presecribe "proper" behavior. (In a different sense of the word, norms also describe what most others do-what is "normal")

Front 14

Personal Space

Back 14

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us.

Front 15

Gender

Back 15

In psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

Front 16

Empathy

Back 16

The vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes.

Front 17

Aggression

Back 17

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings.

Front 18

Androgynous

Back 18

From andro (man)+ gyn (woman)--thus mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Front 19

Gender Role

Back 19

A set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females.

Front 20

Interaction

Back 20

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)

Front 21

Conformity

Back 21

A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure.

Pressured to change

Front 22

Compliance

Back 22

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing.

Doing something you don't agree with to conform.

Front 23

Obedience

Back 23

Acting in accord with a direct order or command.

Front 24

Acceptance

Back 24

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.

Changing actions and beliefs to conform.

Front 25

Autokinetic Phenomenon

Back 25

Self(auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark.

Front 26

Cohesiveness

Back 26

A "we feeling"; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another.

Front 27

Normative Influence

Back 27

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill other's expectations often gain acceptance.

Front 28

Informational Influence

Back 28

Conformity occuring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people.

Front 29

Reactance

Back 29

A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action.

Front 30

Principle of Aggregation

Back 30

The sum of a set of multiple measurements is a more stable and representative estimator than any single measurement.

Front 31

Leung & Bond's (2004) study regarding Universal Dimensions of Social Beliefs

Back 31

Social Beliefs:
1. Cynicism-"powerful people tend to exploit others"
2. Social Complexity-"one has to deal with matters according to specific circumstances"
3. Reward for Application- "One will succeed if he/she really tries"
4. Spirituality-"religious faith contributes to good mental health"
5. Fate Control-"Fate determines one's success and failures."

People vary in the extent to which they endorse and apply these social understandings in their daily lives. Their adherence to these beliefs appear to guide their living.

Front 32

Sherif's Study (NORM FORMATION)

Back 32

Dark room
pinpoint of light
because of autokinetic phenomenon, people see it move even though it doesnt
a group of three is asked how much it moved, and at first thier responses might very, but eventually after a few trials they come to a consensus.

Front 33

Milgrim's Obedience Experiment

Back 33

-Tested what happens when the demands of authority clash with the demands of conscience.
-"Teacher" and "Learner"
-15-450 volts
-150 volts 100% obedience
-375 volts and beyond 65%

4 Factors that Influence Obedience
1. Victim's Emotional Distance
2. Authority's closeness and Legitimacy
3. Whether Authority is part of a respected institution
4. Liberating effects of disobedient fellow participant

Front 34

Asch's Group Pressure Study

Back 34

-Given under the guise of testing "Perceptual Judgments"
-you are the 6th out of 7 people to answer
-there was a standard line, and comparison lines
-those who answered in control group (while alone)were right 99% of the time
-Some people never conformed, 75% conformed at least once
-total of 37% of responses where conformist

Front 35

Racial Attitudes and Behaviors

Back 35

Attitudes are poor predictors of behaviors

Our attitudes will effect behaviors if
1) other influences minimized
2) attitude corresponds very closely to the predicted behavior
3 attitude potent (either because something reminds us of it or because we acquired it by direct experience).

Front 36

3 Competing Theories that explain why our actions affect our attitude reports

Back 36

Self-Presentation Theory
Dissonance Theory
Self-Perception Theory

Front 37

Independence vs. Connectedness

Back 37

Men tend to display characteristics that show independence vs. women who show connectedness

Front 38

What is conformity?

Back 38

Changing one behavior or belief as a result of group pressure--comes in two forms. Compliance is outwardly going along with the group while inwardly disagreeing; a subset of compliance is obedience, compliance with a direct command. Acceptance is believing as well as acting in accord with social pressure.

Front 39

What are 2 reasons people conform?

Back 39

Normative and Informational Influences

Front 40

Specific Findings on Racial Attitudes and Behaviors

Back 40

After Supreme Court decision to end segregation:

% of white Americans favoring integrated schools jumped and now includes nearly everyone.

People are becoming more integrated

Those who believe blacks could live in any neighborhood jumped from 65 percent to 87 percent.

Front 41

What 4 Factors Influence Obedience?

Back 41

ready?

Front 42

Factor 1

Back 42

Victims emotional Distance

Front 43

Factor 2

Back 43

Authority’s closeness and Legitimacy

Front 44

Factor 3

Back 44

Whether authority is part of a respected institution

Front 45

Factor 4

Back 45

Liberating Effects of disobedient fellow participant

Front 46

In asch’s study, what percentage conformed at least once?

Back 46

75%

Front 47

In Asch’s study, what percentage of responses where conformist?

Back 47

37%

Front 48

What are the ABC's of Attitude?

Back 48

A-Affect
B-Behavior
C-Cognition (thought)

Front 49

What is a scriptural example of attitudes not predicting behavior?

Back 49

New Testament
Peter said he would never deny Christ, but before the Cock crowed, he denied him thrice.

Front 50

What predicts conformity?

Back 50

ready?

Front 51

Leung and Bonds (2004) 5 Social Beliefs

Back 51

Ready?

Front 52

Belief 1

Back 52

Cynicism

Front 53

Belief 2

Back 53

Social Complexity

Front 54

Belief 3

Back 54

Reward for Application

Front 55

Belief 4

Back 55

Spirituality

Front 56

Belief 5

Back 56

Fate Control

Front 57

What was the range of volts in Milgrims experiment?

Back 57

15-450 Volts

Front 58

What percentage of people where willing to administer 150 volts?

Back 58

100%

Front 59

What percentage of people where willing to administer 375 volts and beyond?

Back 59

65%

Front 60

Planned Behavior

Back 60

Ready?

Front 61

What are the 3 components to planned behaviors?

Component 1

Back 61

Attitudes

toward the behavior

Front 62

What are the 3 components to planned behaviors?

Component 2

Back 62

Subjective Norms

Percieved social norms

Front 63

What are the 3 components to planned behaviors?

Component 3

Back 63

Percieved Control

Feelings of Control

Front 64

All work together to determine what?

Back 64

Intentions, which in turn guide behavior

Front 65

Self-Presentation Theory

Back 65

assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.

Front 66

Dissonance

Back 66

lack of harmony

Front 67

Evolutionary Psychology Perspectives

Back 67

-propegate the human race
-adapt physically and cognitively to survive
-

Highlights the kinship that results from our shared human experience

Front 68

Cultural Perspectives

Back 68

-come prepared to learn language
-bond and cooperate which helps to:
-secure food
-care for young
-protect ourselves

highlights human diversity

Front 69

gender in the workplace

Back 69

gravitate towards jobs that reduce iniqualities, while men gravitate towards jobs that enhance inequalities

Front 70

What predicts conformity?

Back 70

Group size
unanimity
cohesion
status
public response
no prior commitment

Front 71

who conforms?

Back 71

culture
personality
social roles