• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/37

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
social cognition
- automatic thoughts about the world
- guided by schemas built from past experience/ shaped by culture
- schemas shape our social expectations
- schemas can be revised
social schemas
- organized structures of knowledgeof the social world bult from experience
-- contain causal relations
-- act as a cognitive filter
-- theory about how the social world operates
-- increase ability to process information and make decisions
- can be flexible or rigid, but always self-sustaining (the way we think about a situation shapes our actions which shape the situation)
belief perseverance. how to reduce the perseverance effect?
- beliefs often persist despite discrediting evidence
- discredit by explaining the opposite (why alternative possibilities might be true)
automatic processing: explicit/controlled processing; implicit/automatic processing. Power and limits of intuition
- explicit- reflective, deliberate, conscious
- implicit- impulsive, effortless, without awareness
power and limits of intuition: effectiveness and errors of automatic processing
- can be more effective than rational decision making on matters of PREFERENCE
- errors in matters of rational judgement
priming
- process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas
-- awakening of associations, can occur subliminally, can be provoked by words/images/smells/ emotions, spontaneous trait transference
higgins and colleagues- adventurousness v. recklessness schemas
- primed with positive and negative words unrelated to story actions
- read a neutral story with actions
- experimental group (primed with adventurous and recklessness)- evaluation of characters behavior varied with schema activated
- control group (primed for nothing)- no effect on evaluation
vicary's hoax importance. Karremans, Stroebe, Claus replication
- VH= did not pass subliminal messages; trickery of an advertising mab
- KSC= subliminal priming only works when people are already motivated (ex. thirsty and primed to choose lipton iced tea)
heuristics
- time saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgements
-- allow us to stretch our cognitive resources- requires little thought
representative heuristic: prototype
- assumption that the more similar an individual is to the typical members of a group, the more likely that person is to belong to that group
- prototype: a mental model that stands for or sumbolizes the category ex) typical bird v. penguin
representative heuristic: social categorization, intuitive judgment
- social categorization- formation of categories bout people based upon their common attributes
- judge someone intuitively/automatically by comparing them to their prototype of a category
base rates; base rates fallacy
- the frequency with which some event or pattern occurs in the general population
- the tendency to ignore or underuse useful base rate information and overuse personal descriptors of the individual being judged
* frequency in the population is often a better guide than intuitive personal guidelines
availability heuristic
- the easier it is to think of information or bring examples of an event to mind, the more important or likely it is
- focus is not content of memory, but ease with which the contents come to mind.
- we are quick to infer general truths from vivid instances
conditions most likely to lead to the use of heuristics
- no time for systematic analysis
- overloaded (cognitively) with information
- issues in question not very important
- little other knowledge to use in decision
- priming (something calls the heuristic to mind)
- positive mood, no need for effortful thinking
negativity bias
- when information is mixed (positive and negative) we tend to put more emphasis on the NEGATIVE
-- evolutionarily adaptive (cautious people survived)
-- reduced or eliminated when positive information is predominant
optimistic bias
- predisposition to expect things to turn out well overall
overconfidence- task overconfidence, planning fallacy
- tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgments of others and social events
- TO= incompetence feeds overconfidence
- PF= overestimating time and underestimating demands
-- focus on future instead of informed by past
-- past failures attributed to contingent factors
confirmation bias
- we seek information that CONFIRMS our beliefs
- we avoid information that DISCONFIRMS our beliefs
- we recall being "almost" right
affective forecasting- impact bias, psychological immune system
- AF- overestimate our ability to predict our feelings
- impact bias- predicting intensity and duration of effects of both positive and negative events in social world (*feelings do not last as long as assumed)
- PIS- minimization of resilience following negative social events
(*we bound back much more quickly/ easily then we assume, forgetting that conditions change and we adapt)
constructing memories: memory illusions, memory reconstruction
- MI= false but convincing memories
- Memory is reconstructive- we construct memories by extracting the gist to make things easier to remember and combining information we have with current feelings and expectations
memory biases: misinformation effect
- we incorporate MISINFORMATION we RECEIVE about events we've experienced
ex) photoshopped pictures
memory biases: reconstructing our past attitudes, reconstructing our past behavior
- attitude: we change our attitudes but recall ALWAYS having HAD CURRENT ONES
-- rosy retrospection of positive experiences
- behavior: recalling more FAVORABLE behavior (hindsight bias)
counterfactual thinking- occurs most often when?
- mentally stimulating and reconfiguring past events by imaging ALTERNATIVE versions or outcomes
- most often follows negative/ unexpected event
-- focus on how the event may have been prevented in attempt to make us feel better
illusory thinking- illusory correlation, illusion of control
- IT- search for ORDER in RANDOM events
- ICorrelation- associating random events, confirming beliefs about CONNECTIONS that DONT EXIST ex. superstitions
- IControl- belief that chance events are subject to our influence ex. gambling
magical thinking
- assumptions that are compelling yet irrational
-- thinking thoughts can influence physical events ex. thinking about not wanting to be called on and not being called on
- thinking that things that resemble each other are the same ex. chocolate insects
social cognition and affect- good moods make us? mood influences?
- moods and feelings influence thinking
- good moods make us
--PERCEIVE situations and people more POSITIVELY
-- more likely to believe a statement we read
- moods influence what we REMEMBER about people and situations
-- mood congruence effects on storage- good moods make us less likely to store any negative aspects of a situation and vice versa
-- mood dependent memory affects retrieval
mood and judgment
- moods affect self-judgment
- ex) study- those put in a good mood before watching a vide of themselves saw more positive aspects of themselves; those put in a bad mood saw negative aspects of themselves in the same video
implicit personality theories
- individuals behavior actually varies widely across situations (we often assume beahvior to be stable)
- we develop naive belief systesms about :types" of individuals traits and behaviors they share
- schemas- shaped by personal experience and cultural beliefs, passed from generation to generation
- commonly used in making social judgements
- evaluative consistency- tendency to view others in a way that is internally consistent (we distort or explain away contraidctions rather than change our implicit theory)
influences on inference of traits: discounting, social desirability
- discounting- whenever there are several possible causal explanations for a particular event, people tend to be much less likely to attribute the effect to any particular cause
- social desirability- people are more likely to make DISPOSITIONAL attributions about behavior that are low in social desirability
influences on inference of traits: choice, noncommon effects
- choice- actions FREELY CHOSEN are considered to be more indicative of PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS than those that are coerced
- noncommon effects- outcomes that could not be produced by any other actions
ex) see a person everyday because of similar schedule, but when they are outside of our house the only explanation is they are stalking you
why are attributions important?
- the attribution we make determines what our reaction is
-- ex) negative behavior could either be attributed to dispositional influences (and therefore an unfavorable reaction) or situational attributions (and therefore a sympathetic reaction)
fundamental attribution error
- the tendency to overestimate dispositional causes (stable, internal attribution) and underestimate situational causes ( unstable, external attribution) of other peoples behavior
- we tend to attributive other's behavior to their personality, and our behavior to the situation
why do we make the fundamental attribution error?
- dispositional attributions give us greater confidence in predicting future behavior
-- desire for predictability makes us more susceptible
actor-observer effect
- we attribute our own behavior to external causes and other's behavior to internal factors because of a DIFFERENCE IN PERSPECTIVE
- when we observe others, the person is the center of attention; when we act, the environment is the center of our attention
influences on the fundamental attribution error: time, self-awareness, culture
- time: attributions shift from internal to external
- self-awareness: when our attention focuses on ourselves, we're more likely to attribute our own actions to internal causes
-- externally provoked self-awareness, private self-consciousness
- culture: members of collectivist cultures are more apt to attribute behavior to the situation (they are taught to be more intuned with the situation)
self-fulfilling prophecy
- others' EXPECTATIONS about a person, group, or situation lead to fulfillment of those expectations
-- a false definition of a situation evokes a new behavior which makes the originally false conception come true
expectation effects
- ex) self-fulfilling prophecy
- affect performance- high expectations especially likely to improve performance of low achievers
- conveyed non-verbally and are easily detected by observers when the actor believed them to be hidden
(vocal tone related to patients outcome)