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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is social psychology defined? (ch1)
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Scientific study of how people affect and are affected by others
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Differences between correlational and experimental research? (ch1)
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Correlational- researcher observes if whether variables are related Experimental- researcher controls procedures, participants randomly assigned to groups
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Independent vs dependent variables? (ch1)
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Independent- the variable that the experimenter manipulates Dependent- the variables being measured
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How have evolutionary principles been applied to psychology ? (ch2)
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We adapt to fill roles, conform, and succeed. To explain sex differences. Helen Fisher said that in order to pass on genes, women had to talk a lot. This means the gene for chattiness has been passed on. Fisher said men need physical and directional skills so they could find food to survive. These traits are passed on because wo/men with these traits are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes.
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What are some of the main differences between the sexes? (ch2)
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Women- better memory for object location, superior verbal skills, better at reading facial expressions, multitask better, understand people better. Men- better spatial reasoning skills, better sense of direction, try to figure things/machines out.
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3 main parts of the self? (ch3)
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Self-knowledge: information about self, self awareness, self esteem, and self deception, self concept
Interpersonal self: the image of self that is conveyed to others, self presentation, members of groups, relationship partner, social roles, reputation, public self Agent self: the part of the self that involving control, including both over people and the self. Decision making, self control, active responding, executive self |
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Example of self-reference effect? (ch3)
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When you remember things that relate to you better than you remember things that relate to others. They remember words that they believe describe them better than remembering words that describe others.
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What is the difference between self-eficacy and self-esteem? (ch3)
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esteem is a persons overall evaluation of their sense of worth. Efficacy is the self evaluation about ones ability to perform in a certain task. Low self efficacy does not equal low self esteem.
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Give some examples of the self-serving bias? (ch3)
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People who take credit for good situation and blame failure on external situations. If they get an A on a test, they attribute it to their smarts but if they fail a test they say it is because they did not study.
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What are some of the primary influences on the choices we make (Major patterns, see lecture)? Ch4
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Risk aversion- greater weight given to possible losses than gains
Temporal discounting- greater weight given to present over the future Certainty effect- greater weight given to definite outcomes over possibilities |
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What are some reasons for why people do not choose (lecture)?
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Keep options open
Status quo bias- keep things the way they are Omission bias- take the path that does not require you to do anything Reactance theory- people are distressed by loss of freedom and seek to reclaim or reassert them |
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What are some common mistakes in planning?
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Do not prepare for road bumps along the way. Loss of motivation.
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Give some examples of the fundamental attribution error. What are some reasons for why it occurs?
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Behavior is more noticeable than situational factors.
Insignificant weight is assigned to situational factors. People are cognitive miser. Richer trait-lie language to explain behavior. Say someone who is weaving in and out of traffic is a moron but don't consider the fact that they may be late |
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Give some examples of the following: confirmation bias, illusory correlation, and illusion of control
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Confirmation bias: tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and ignore information that disconfirms it. ALL the slow drivers you see are old people
Illusory correlation: Illusion of control: false belief that one can influence events |
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What are some differences between optimists and pessimists in the types of attributions they make (see lecture)?
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Optimists: External, Unstable, Specific
Pessimists: Internal, Stable, Global |
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What does NOT correlate with happiness (lecture/video from bbc)
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Education, IQ, having a lot of money does not make you happier than moderate income
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What are the ingredients for happiness (lecture, video from bbc)
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positive affect balance (more happy emotions than bad emotions), meaningful involvement, doing things that the culture values
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What is affective forecasting?
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Predicting how you will feel in the future. We are terrible at it
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Is venting a good way to deal with anger? why?
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No, it ends up increasing aggressive feelings
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Give an example of cognitive dissonance. How does it explain how actions can affect attitudes?
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When attitudes do not match behavior, people want to change it. When people have to do a very boring task and tell the next person it is interesting, they rated the task lowest when paid nothing, slightly less horrible when paid 20 $ and highest when they got 1 $. This is because those pad 20$ had a bigger reason to lie, while those who got 1 $ had less of an excuse = dissonance
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What are some examples of how behavior is can determine attitudes (lecture)?
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Doing a favor for someone increases our liking of them. Act like you love someone and you will eventually love them.
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What are two components of dual attitudes?
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Implicit attitude- Automatic evaluative response; not aware of it
Explicit attitude- Conscious evaluative response; we are aware/control of it |
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Examples of the foot in the door technique?
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Initially make a smaller request before making a larger request. Increases likelihood of compliance. Small sign on door-> big ugly sign in yard.
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What is the difference between the central and peripheral route to persuasion?
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Central- focus on the arguments, used when people are motivated and able to think about an issue
Peripheral- Focusing on cues that trigger acceptance without much thinking |
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What are the persuasion techniques used by cults?
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1- Guru becomes worship, not principles
2- Systematic thought reform 3- Heavy exploitation (sexual, economic) 4- Isolation from evil culture |
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Why is the parable of the good Samaritan such a good example of altruism
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Because a regular person stopped to help even though he had nothing to gain by doing so.
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Describe and give some examples of the bystander effect?
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People in groups are less likely to help those in need. Diffusion of responsibility (leaving it to someone else to help). Look at other crowd members to what to do next, but no one does anything so we don't. When someone is taking a test and they hear a scream outside, they are much more likely to help if they are alone than if they are taking the test with others.
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What were the results of Darley and Batson's Good Samaritan study with Yale university students?
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Even students who were going to speak on the story did not stop to help. The best predictor of helping behavior was time.
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What evidence exists that media violence increases the probability that one will act aggressively? What evidence exists that disconfirms a casual relationship between media violence and aggression?
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decrease in violent crimes
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What is the "recipe" for violence (lecture/video)?
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brain abnormalities + history of abuse = killer
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How does proximity and the mere exposure affect influence attraction?
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The closer you are to someone, the more likely you are to see them often. When you see someone often, they become familiar and you are attracted to them more.
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Give some examples of the physical attractiveness stereotype from the video we saw in class (just one look, John Strossel)
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Attractive people are more intelligent- interviewers said they picked the more good looking person because they were smart.
Attractive people are nicer- students said they liked an attractive teacher better than the ugly teachers because prettier ones were nicer. |
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Birds of a feather flock together or opposites attract?
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Birds of a feather flock together!
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List and describe Gottman's 4 horses of a marriage heading for divorce
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Criticism- attacking partners personality
Defensiveness- Denying responsibility, meet one complaint with another Contempt- tearing down partner Stonewalling- withdrawal, refusal to respond |
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According to Sternberg, what are the 3 different ingredients to love?
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Intimacy- closeness, sharing
Passion- physical/sexual attraction Commitment- decision to remain together. |
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What is aversive (unconscious) racism?
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Our biases affect our behavior without us noticing.
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What is the stereotype threat? example?
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Experience of anxiety in a situation when a person thinks that they may confirm a negative stereotype. Women do worse on math tests when they are aware that the stereotype against them is that they are not as good at math as males.
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Compare and contrast social facilitation with social loafing?
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Loafing- individuals in a group work less hard than they do when working alone.
Facilitation- people do better on simple tasks when other people are present, but worse on difficult tasks when other people are present |
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What is deindividuation and what are some real world examples of it?
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A loss of one's own identity. Sports games, Halloween, riots
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What is groupthink and how can it be combated?
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When people's ideas in a group become more extreme. Be impartial, assign devil's advocate, subdivide group, outside critiques, second chance meeting before implementation.
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Is consumerism sinful? What does the bible have to say about consumerism?
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Consumerism is sinful in excess. Especially when it results in selfish behavior and putting too much worth in material things. We should be ready to give away everything we own to follow jesus.
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Describe Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment. What are the major findings and implications of the results? Ethical issues?
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Prison environments are harmful and dehumanizing to inmates. People will act to fill the roles given (situational vs. personality traits). Zimbardo got too involved in the experiment, prisoner thought they could not leave, psychological abuse
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What are some things that cause eyewitness error? What are some tactics that can make eyewitness id more accurate? How are these tactics similar to the experimental paradigm?
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1- Memory is malleable. People want to remain constant so they pick the person they picked in the first place. 2- blank line up (control group), blind administration of lineup, let witness describe everything first, increase functional size, sequential line up.
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What are some things that research has demonstrated can increase people to falsely confess to a crime they did not commit?
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Police can lie- makes people confused. Young, mentally unstable or impaired individuals are especially impressionable.
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How have researchers used "cognitive load" to catch liars?
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Liars already have a lot of information to keep straight. Making it more difficult for them to tell their story is key in getting them to give themselves away.
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Describe how 2 concepts from this course relates to research on juries
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Group think- less extreme views become more extreme
Minority influence- if one person can be consistent and win over someone, they can have more influence. |
