Social Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Attitude

Back 1

individual's evaluation of a target along a good-bad dimension

Front 2

Evaluation

Back 2

based on a good-bad judgment, represents the individual's overall assessment of whether a particular target is positive or negative

Front 3

Positive or Negative Evaluation

Back 3

depends on three things:
1. how the object makes the person feel
2. the person's beliefs about the object
3.the person's previous actions toward the object

Front 4

Two Way relation between attitudes and behaviour

Back 4

previous behaviour toward a target may contribute to an individual's current attitude toward the target; current attitudes also cause future behaviours

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Ambivalent attitudes

Back 5

evaluations of targets that include both positive and negative elements; create variable evaluations over time based on circumstance

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Explicit Attitudes

Back 6

those that people can report consciously

Front 7

Implicit attitudes

Back 7

individual's automatic evaluative response to a target, which can occur without awareness

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Bertram Gawronski and Attitude

Back 8

argued that implicit reflect "low-level" (minimal processing) associations between the objects and evaluations, whereas explicit reflect "higher-level" (more extensive processing) evaluations that are based on rational beliefs about the object and its features

Front 9

Perceptions of others' attitudes

Back 9

two dimensions are most important: liberal versus conservative and traditional versus novel. Tend to be guided by consideration of the extent to which the others are liberal or conservative and traditional or innovative

Front 10

Object-Appraisal Function

Back 10

function of attitudes in which attitudes provide rapid evaluative judgments of targets, facilitating approach or avoidance

Front 11

Values

Back 11

broad, abstract standards or goals that people consider to be important guiding principles in their life

Front 12

Albert Katz Values

Back 12

argued that they are related to their attitudes toward specific issues

Front 13

Value- Expressive Function

Back 13

allow people to convey an identity that connects them to some groups and makes them distinct from other groups

Front 14

Shavitt on Values

Back 14

attitudes toward coffee typically fulfill an object-appraisal function: people either like or dislike the taste of coffee (as well as caffeine). Hypothesized that attitudes toward perfume often fulfill a value-expressive function: many people purchase a particular brand of perfume because it projects a desired image

Front 15

Likert-Type Scales

Back 15

an attitude measurement technique that requires respondents to indicate the extent of their agreement or disagreement with several statements on an issue

Front 16

Advantages of Likert Scales

Back 16

relatively easy for researchers to construct, are clear and simple for respondents to complete and have been shown to produce reliable scores

Front 17

Semantic Differential Scale

Back 17

attitude measurement technique that requires respondents to rate a target on several evaluative dimensions

Front 18

Advantages of Semantic Scales

Back 18

easy for researchers to construct and straightforward for respondents to complete, assess evaluations very directly

Front 19

Opinion Surveys of Attitude

Back 19

designed to assess public opinion about an issue, event, or group. Contains just one or two items on a particular issue and responses are often limited to "yes" or "no"

Front 20

Problems with Self-Report Measures

Back 20

assume that people know what their attitudes are and that they will report those attitudes honestly

Front 21

Facial Electromyography (EMG)

Back 21

procedure for measuring muscle contractions in the face that may be sensitive to positive versus negative responses to a stimulus

Front 22

Challenges to using Physiological measure of attitude

Back 22

complex and time-consuming procedure. Facial EMG appears quite sensitive to emotional reactions but less sensitive to cognitive beliefs

Front 23

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Back 23

reaction time procedure that provides a measure of implicit attitudes; participants sort targets into a "good" category or a "bad" category and the speed at which the sorting is completed is taken as a measurement of implicit attitude toward the object

Front 24

Evaluative Conditioning

Back 24

Process by which objects come to evoke positive or negative affect simply by their association with affect-inducing events

Front 25

Mere Exposure Effect

Back 25

tendency for repeated contact with an object, even without reinforcement to increase the liking for the object

Front 26

Alcohol Myopia

Back 26

tendency for intoxication to reduce cognitive capacity, which results in a narrowing of attention

Front 27

Socialization

Back 27

process by which infants are moulded into acceptable members of their society

Front 28

Reference Group

Back 28

Collection of people that serves as a standard of comparison for an individual, whether in terms of attitudes, values, or behaviour

Front 29

Jeer Pressure

Back 29

conformity pressure that is produced by seeing someone ridiculed by anther person

Front 30

Theory of Reasoned Action

Back 30

model of behaviour that views humans as rational decision makers who behave on the basis of logical beliefs

Front 31

Behavioural Intention

Back 31

an individual's plan to perform or not perform an action

Front 32

Subjective Norm

Back 32

an individual's feelings of social pressure to perform or not perform an action

Front 33

IMB model of AIDS-preventive behaviour

Back 33

a theory postulating that information, motivation, and behavioural skills guide individual's protective actions in the sexual domain

Front 34

Hostile Media Phenomenon

Back 34

tendency for people who feel strongly about an issue to believe that the media coverage of the issue is biased against their side

Front 35

Strong Attitude

Back 35

Involves extremity: people with strong attitudes often endorse extreme positions near the end of the scale.
Importance: individual says that the attitude is very important to him or her.
Accessibility: refers to how easy it is to activate a schema or attitude.
Direct experience: with the attitude object,rather than on indirect information obtained from other people

Front 36

Behaviour is not controllable when...

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there is an external threat, forces us to behave in a certain way whether we want to or not, lack of alternatives, biological need or addiction, lack of time

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Compatibility Principle

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theory stating that a measure of attitudes will correlate highly with a measure of behaviour only when the two measures are matched in terms of being general/broad or specific/narrow

Front 38

Culture

Back 38

set of values, beliefs, and behaviours shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to the next

Front 39

Power Distance

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the extent to which a culture accepts an unequal distribution of influence within the society

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 40

a model proposed by Leon Festinger, which states that awareness of consonant cognitions makes us feel good, whereas awareness of dissonant cognitions makes us feel bad. Further, the unpleasant feelings produced by dissonant cognitions motivate us to do something to change our state

Front 41

Consonant Cognitions

Back 41

beliefs that are consistent or compatible with one another

Front 42

Dissonant Cognitions

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beliefs that are inconsistent or logically discrepant with one another

Front 43

Induced Compliance Paradigm

Back 43

a research methodology used to test dissonance theory that arouses dissonance by getting people to engage in counterattitudinal behaviour. In this paradigm, participants are induced to comply with an experimenter's request that they behave in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes